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While the sorcerer by virtue of his profession is generally respected and feared, in some places they have been dealt with rather summarily
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The mode of succession to the dignity of an Ojha varies in different places
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The question naturally arises--Are all these Ojhas and Baigas conscious hypocrites and swindlers?
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Hartland is inclined to think that the rags represent entire articles of clothing which were at an earlier time deposited, and on the analogy of the habit of the witch of getting hold of some part of the body, such as nail-cuttings and so on, by which she may
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If the fowl eats the grain, there is great rejoicing, as it implies that the spirit has quietly taken up its residence in the house
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ample of the popular form of ancestor-worship is given by General Sleeman:--"Râma Chandra, the Pandit, said that villages which had been held by old Gond proprietors were more liable than others to visitation from local ghosts, that it was easy to say what vil
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A few examples of modern deification may be given to illustrate this phase of the popular faith
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He pleaded in vain to the wicked Râja for reparation, and at last he and his wife starved themselves to death at the gate of the fort
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Another instance of the same type may be given from Râjputâna
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Miraculously, as so many of these saints do, he gave two sons to one Gannu of Multân and married his daughter
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He is also known as Pîr-i-Dastgîr, Pîr-i-'Azam, Ghaus-ul-'Azam, and was born in 1078 A.D., and died at Bâghdâd
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The worst part of the matter is that there is no official controller of the right to deification, no Advocatus Diaboli to dispute the claims of the candidate to celestial honours
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Hence arises the possibility that in the temporary absence of a man's soul his body may be occupied by some other person's spirit, or even by a malignant ghost or demon
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It is a common incident of the folk-tales that the soul departs in a dream and falls in love with a girl
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The rustic Hindu firmly believes that in the absence of a man's proper soul in a dream his body is occupied by some strange and consequently malignant ghost
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This is one of his special wants which deprive the spirit of his longed-for rest
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If in Bombay "a Mahâdeo Koli widow bride or her husband sicken, it is considered the work of the former husband
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Begone with the bone!" [484] At a Gond wedding, the old man who officiates knocks the heads of the bride and bridegroom together to scare the evil spirits, [485] and at a Hindu marriage in Northern India the mother of the youth, as he leaves to fetch his bride
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Hence no Bengâli, except for a considerable bribe, will talk about fish at night
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Vetâla, or Baitâl, their leader, is familiar to everyone in the tales of the Baitâl Pachîsi
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Next comes the Pisâcha, which, as we have seen, is by one account only a stage in the progress of the soul to its final rest
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The Râkshasa again, a word that means "the harmer" or "the destroyer," is of the ogre-vampire type
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Râkshasas are developed even in these prosaic days of ours
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We have already mentioned the Brahm or malignant Brâhman ghost
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Thus, at Faizâbâd, the country people point out a portion of the Queen's highway along which they will not pass at night
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modern Italian Lemuri are the spirits of the churchyard and represent the Lemures or Larvæ, the unhappy ghosts of those who have died evil deaths or under a ban, to which there are innumerable allusions in the Latin writers
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Tola is a sort of "Will-o'-the-Wisp" in the Hills
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He is the ghost of some one who was killed in hunting
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holy heights dedicated to various divinities
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I asked the Superintendent of the Dudhi Estate, who was with me, to explain the reason
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More dreaded even than the ghost of a man who has been killed by a tiger is the Churel, a name which has been connected with that of the Chûhra or sweeper caste
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The Churel, who corresponds to the Jakhâî, Jokhâî, Mukâî, or Navalâî of Bombay, [565] is the ghost of a woman dying while pregnant, or on the day of the child's birth, or within the prescribed period of impurity
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Leland: [579] "A traveller in Persia has observed that the patterns of carpets are made intricate, so that the Evil Eye, resting upon them and following the design, loses its power
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This illustrates another principle about ghosts, that mutilation during life is avoided, as being likely to turn the spirit into a malignant ghost after death
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In the folk-tales of Somadeva we have more than one reference to a cave which leads to Pâtâla, "the rifted rock whose entrance leads to hell." Others are the entrance to fairy palaces, where dwell the Asura maidens beneath the earth
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Spencer suggests that the respect for caves is based on the early practice of burial in such places
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When the Korwas of Mirzapur have to enter a cave, they first arm themselves with a rude spear and axe as a protection against Bhûts
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In connection with these treasure guardians, we reach another cycle of folk-lore legends, that of gifts or robberies from fairy-land
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Of the same type are the usual tales of the fairy gifts
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In another tale of the same kind, the cowherd tends the cow of the fairy, and, following the animal into a cave, receives some golden wheat
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Thus with all Hindus two names are given to children, one secret and used only for ceremonial purposes, and the other for ordinary use
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We shall return to this in dealing with the wonderful Momiâî story
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a burning coal being passed across her back and under her belly immediately after calving
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The real reason is probably a very interesting survival of folk-thought
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In India iron rings are constantly worn as an amulet against disease, as in Ireland an iron ring on the fourth finger cures rheumatism
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The common brass Lota is always carried about by a man during the period of mourning as a preservative against the evil spirits which surround him until the ghost of the dead man is finally laid
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ould bring the influence of some foreign evil spirit back with her, will, before entering her own homestead, pass seven little stones seven times round the head of the baby, and throw them in different directions, so as to pass away any evil that may have been
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The fear which spirits feel for leather is also illustrated by the procedure of the Drâvidian Baiga, who flagellates people suffering from demoniacal possession with a tawse or leathern strap
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