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Any such disaster is naturally attributed to the old beggar-woman--who is thus at once elevated to the dangerous eminence of witch-hood
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As the King has his orb and sceptre, the astrologer his spheres and quadrant, so the witch has her insignia of office
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A characteristic of the witch, in common with demons and imps in general, is that she does everything contrary to the tastes and customs of good Christians
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Of all these insignia and attributes of her office the most important, as the most characteristic, were her "familiars" or imps
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There is some slight confusion about the provenance of this same witch-mark, unless it varied in individual cases--whether, that is to say, the marks were the result of suckling the imps, or whether, being already imprinted on the witch's body, they were selec
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Although in earlier ages this formality may have been dispensed with, by the sixteenth century the witch invariably signed a definite contract with Satan
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Of the preliminaries leading up to the bargain we are given an illuminating glimpse by Edward Fairfax in his already quoted book
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Her contract once signed, the witch naturally became as soon as possible proficient in the "Devil's rudiments," which James I
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Other accounts follow similar lines or add further indictments; as Jean Bodin, who also details the crimes of eating human flesh and drinking blood, destroying fruit and causing famine and sterility
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Although less generally harmful in its effects, the witch's passion for aviation was as reprehensible as the rest of her proceedings
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The ointment used by witches for such purposes are by many considered to have been but another instance of Satan's cunning and lack of good faith
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In deference to the unceasing demand, the witch has ever been a prominent exponent of prophecy and divination--nor have any of her practices given more offence to Holy Church
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He might also appear in the form of a tree-trunk, without arms or feet, but with the indistinct suggestion of a face, seated on a throne; sometimes like a giant, clad in dark clothes, as he does not wish his disciples to realise that he is himself suffering th
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of the Sabbath varied greatly at different times and places, but having already given a typical example in an earlier chapter, it is unnecessary to dwell further on so unsavoury a subject
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One Jehannes du Hard, in her confession, gives us an account of the method of compounding poisons and witch-ointments at the Sabbaths
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Having seen how the witch in general lived and went about her evil business, it may be well to consider the personality of individual members of the craft
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We may then disregard such historical characters as have other claims to fame, and confine our attention to those whose activities were concentrated upon witchcraft pure and simple
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Passing by Young Nixon, the dwarf, who, although a prophet scarcely less inferior in fame to Mother Shipton, scarcely falls within the limit of this volume--though it may be noted that one of his best-known prophecies, that he would starve to death, did actual
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Years thus passed, Jinney using her foul tongue against everyone, and the rabble in return baiting her as if she were a wild beast
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Wapping, nowadays, is a sufficiently prosaic spot
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The earliest English witch to attain any individual immortality was she of Berkeley, who differed from most of her successors by being extremely well off
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A famous witch was Margery Jourdemain, better known as the Witch of Eye, who gains a reflected halo of respectability in that she was burnt at Smithfield in 1441 as an accomplice of Eleanor of Gloucester, elsewhere referred to
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Elizabeth Sawyer, the Witch of Edmonton, though during her life gaining only local fame, yet achieved the posthumous glory of providing Ford and Dekker with the material for a play
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Bodin, or Pierre de Lancre might have found it difficult to put forward satisfactory proof for the cause in which they were briefed had it not been for the fortunate existence of one quite unimpeachable witness--the direct command in the book of Exodus, "Thou
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It is, of course, as true as it was natural that Christian writers on witchcraft seized eagerly upon definite Biblical authority for the sin they were condemning
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The Christians, in adopting to their own uses certain pagan rites and beliefs, and regarding all the rest as witchcraft and an abominable sin, were but following the example of their predecessors, the Jews
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The Jews had no national system of magic or witchcraft
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Side by side with the regular magicians was a vast host of sorcerers practising without elaborate ritual, amongst whom witches were greatly in the ascendant
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stitions amid which their great forefather had been brought up, it was scarcely surprising that the monotheistic ideal peculiar to the Jews should have suffered occasional eclipses
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Isis, another prominent protector of witchcraft, was, in fact, more witch than goddess
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They recognised two varieties of evil spirits--the fallen angels and those who were but semi-supernatural
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On the other hand, they had dealings with familiar spirits, and, as was natural in a nation distinguished by its genius for prophecy, they excelled in divination
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Despite the wide sway of the evil and the severity of the laws against it, spasmodically enforced by several of the kings, as Saul and Hezekiah, there are no definite records of witch-persecutions comparable to those of mediæval Christianity until the reign of
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It is, at first sight, surprising that the Chaldean, Egyptian, or Jewish witch should have conformed so closely to the type familiarised by the witch-mania of the Middle Ages
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Gradually she grew into the spectral originator of all those horrors with which darkness affects the imagination
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Hecate, who became the mother of Scylla, and, according to some accounts also of Medea and of Circe, was arch-mistress of the knowledge of herbs and simples, more especially of poisons
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Nor were such grisly exploits confined to Thessaly, for in Syria, as Marcassus tells us, troops of witches haunted the battle-field during the night, devouring the bodies of the slain
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The Persian wars brought new influences to bear upon Greek religion in general and witchcraft in particular
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That the Greek witch of the older school should be powerfully influenced by such innovators was natural enough, the more so that in Chaldea women took a foremost part in practising the more evil kinds of magic
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nder the influence of Grecian culture, and in return providing her with new cults and crazes, one more fantastic than the other, but all seized upon with equal avidity by the hungry Hellenic intellect, craving always for some new thing
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At the same time, laws existed against it, subsequently to find an echo in Roman legislation
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Of Greek magic he would have learned enough--and to spare--in the long ten years' warring on the plains of Ilium
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As in Greece, so in Rome, the personal character of the witch was identical in some respects with that of the goddess, so as to be frequently indistinguishable
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Like the pythoness of Greece, the Roman sibyl was priestess as well as witch
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Roman morality being enforced upon social rather than religious grounds, witchcraft was forbidden only in so far as it was considered a pernicious influence within the State
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Already in the early days of the Laws of the Twelve Tables, Greek influence on Roman witchcraft was noticeable--it increased in proportion as Greek thought extended its sway over the Roman mind
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To which Pliny adds that it must be used in conjunction with split reeds, a prudent suggestion enough
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The Emperors held widely divergent views on the matter of witchcraft
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