Archive case record

255_413270_UFO's_and_Defense_What_Should_we_Prepare_For

Source: uap_archive
Record updated: 2026-08-19

Record summary

This file contains an independent report on UFOs written by the French association COMETA (previously published in the French magazine VDS in 1999), which details the results of a study by the Institute of Higher Studies for National Defence. The file also includes a letter from Carol Rosin in which she notes that she was spokesperson for von Braun during the last years of his life.

Published source text

Read the available text below. Archive transcriptions may contain OCR errors; later context is labelled separately. A recorded claim is not a finding that it happened.

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• 498 Manzanita Ct. • Ventura, CA 9300 1 April 30, 200 1 Hi Dan Jon (Cypher) and I look forward to seeing you on Friday at 3:30pm in your office. Jon, you probably recall, is an actor who starred on "Hillstreet Blues" and "Major Dan," among many other TV shows, Broadway (wish you could hear him sing ''The Impossible Dream" which he sang on Broadway in La Mancha), and movies. H e's aJso a scholar (and sings opera in four languages), and speaks eloquently about space. We've been married for fifteen years. Since I closed down the Institute for Security and Cooperation in Outer Space a few years ago, which I founded in '83, we've both been searching for our role in promoting the space program. As you know, I was spokesperson for von Braun during the last years of his life. He had me commit to finding the path to open the doors to space .. . with his full and unlimited vision. I think I've found a way to do it. We're bringing you a package that will give you the idea. (Don't worry, it won't cost you or NASA a dime.) And we'll only take as much time as you want ... even just a few short minutes as I know how busy you are. But it's going to be worth this trip to hand this to you in person. Also, we'd love to take you (and yours) to lunch or dinner during the week we' ll be in DC. Possible? See you Friday. My best, ~~ Carol Rosin 805-641-1999 Cell 805-340-5121 Rosin@west.net PS. The photo was taken at the US Space Foundation where we were keynote speakers.

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I I I UFOs and Defense:I ·What Should We Prepare For? I I I -An independent report on UFOs written by the French association COMETA. This report details the results of a study by the Institute of I Higher Studies for National Defence.- I I I I I I I I I This paper originally appeared in a special issue of the magazine VSD published in France in July 1999. I I

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I I I I I UFOs and Defense I I --The COMETA Report-- I I I I I I I I I I I I

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r- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I "Stripping the UFO phenomenon ofits irralional layer " Foreword by Professor Andre Lebeau, Former chairman of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) (French National Center for Space Studies] It is not looked on highly in certain scientific circles to be preoccupied with phenomena that are deemed to come under the heading of popular mythology or that are, at any rate, outside the realm of science. Such was the case with stones falling from the sky, which was long considered in our country to be the stuff of fable. However , the day that a meteorite shower over the town of Laigle permitted a collective and indisputable observation, it entered into the domain of science. One century later NASA, no doubt hastily, elevated these stones to proof of the existence of primitive life on Mars. _Phenomena ofthis type pose a preliminary problem for the scientific approa ch: does a scientific fact exist? • When the phenomenon is a matter of experimentation, the criterion to be used is simple~ the reproducibility of the experiment is the touchstone and furnishes the fact that must then be interpreted. But the situation is more difficult when the phenomenon is not open to experimentation, when repeated observation is the only basis on which one can go, as is the case in astronomy and for the most part in geophysics . However , when the fact, albeit rare, is collectively and indisputably visible, it is easy to elevate it to the status of scientific object. The existence of eclipses, comets, and novas has been recognized_since ancient times,._even though their interpre tat ion long contained - and sometimes still contains - a religious dimension. Thus collective and simultaneo us observation plays the same role as the reprodu cibility of experiment s. This is not true when the event is not only rare but discrete as well, and when there is a very small amount of evidence at each occurrence, which opens the door to various suspicions. Unidentified flying objects, or UFO s, fall into this category. One runs up against additional difficulties in the case of UFOs, firstly that of how many human activities, especially since the beginning of the space age, have generated atmospheric phenomena the origin of which is not immediat ely ascertainab le by those who observe them . In any case, UFOs, the origin of which cannot be attributed to either a human source or a natural mechanism that has been identified by science, are mixed in with a background noise the origin of which, althou gh difficult to identify, is not at all mysterious . Moreover, and above all, the existence of unexplained manifestations, both in the atmo sphere and occasionally on the surface of the earth, inevitably gives rise to a fundamenta l question : are we alone in the univer se? Could some of these phenomena be the work of extraterrestrial beings? This question gives the UFO issue a sociological, media-related, and even religious dimension in a domain that is not that of science and scientific method s. And it is the very existence of this dimension that elicits reactions of rejection in the scientific community. However, a dispassionate examinat ion of the situation should lead those who believe in the value of scientific method to consider that the very existence of a strong irrational environment is another reason to apply the precepts of this method to the issue of UFOs . COMET A has tried its luck at this in the report that it is presenting, supported , namely, by t he work performed by GEP AN, which later became SEPRA. The significant place gran ted to sightings, to testimonies , and to the analysis of cases that have been explained shows the major role played here by the estab lishment of facts. But we also find in this

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I document a reflection on the hypothesis of extraterres trial intelligence and of the importance that it could have if stud ies came together to confirrn it. IThis report is useful in that it contributes toward stripping the phenomenon of UFOs of its irrational l ayer. When aJI is said and d one, the question of detennining whether or not those who created this report believe in the exi~tence of extraterrestrial visitors, concealed Iin a variety of phenomena that are surprising in appearance but commonplace with respect to their cause , is of no real importan ce. What a scienti?t believes is important in the conducting of his research because this is what motivate s and drives him. But his belief is I not important to the results of his research nor does it have any effect on those results if he is rigorous . Table of Contents PREF ACE FOREWORD INTRODUCTIO N PART l FACTS AND TESTIMONIES Chapter 1 Testimonies of French Pilots Chapter 2 Aeronautical Cases Throughout the World Chapter 3 Sightings from the Ground Chapter 4 Close Encounters in France Chapter 5 Counterexamp les of Phenomena That Have Been Explained PART 2 THE EXTENT OF OUR KNOWLEDGE Chapter 6 Organization of the Research in France Page 27 Chapter 7 Methods and Result s of GEP AN/SEPRA Chapter 8 UFOs: Hypotheses, Modeling Attempts Chapter 9 Organization of the Research Abroad PART3 UFOs AND DEFENSE Chapte r 10 Strategic Planning Chapter 11 Aeronautical Implications Chapte r 12 Scientific and Technical Implications Chapter 13 Political and Religious Implications Chapte r 14 Media Implication s CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS APPENDICES Appendix 1 Radar Detection in France Appe ndix 2 Astronomers ' Sightings Page 74 Appendix 3 Life in the Universe Appendix 4 Colonization of Space Appendix S The Roswell Affair - Disinforrnation I· I .. Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 I.· :· Page 9 Page 12 Page 17 Page 20 ' IPage 24 i Page 31 IPage 35 Page 42 I Page 55 Page 59 IPage 62 Page 64 Page 69 I Page 71 I Page 74 I Page 75 Page 75 Page 77 I Append ix 6 The Long History of the UFO Phenomenon - Elements of a I I

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I , Chronology Page 80 Appendix 7 Reflections on Various Psychological, Sociological , I and Political Aspects of the UFO Phenomenon Page 82 I REFERENCES Page 87 GLOSSARY Page 90 I The photo section from pages 43 to 50, as well as pages 2 and 91, were not part of the initial report . I Publication of: [G.S. Presse Communication logo] 79-83, rue Baudin, 92309 Levallois-Perret Cedex.01 55 21 00 50, fax: 01 55 21 00 55. Societe anonyme with FF 250,000 in capital, in business I for 99 years. Sole Chief Executive Officer: Daniel Denis. Publication Director : Daniel I Denis. Art Director: Richard Y otis. Editoria l Assistant: Jacques Peron. Illustrations and Technical Consulting: Bernard Thouanel. Editorial Dept. 01 55 21 00 50. E-mail: vsd_hs@worldnet.fr. Public Relations Agent: Image7/Isabelle de Segonzac 01 44 15 93 94. Sales and restocking : MEP, 01 42 56 12 26, I UFOs AND DEFENSE What should we prepare for? COtviETA, an associat ion governed by the Law ofJuly 1, 190 1. I All reproduction, in whole or in part, translation , and adaptation rights reserved for all countries. Copyright 1999. I terminal ELL. Photoengravin g: Key Graphic . Printing: Berger Levrault, 34, avenue du Roule, 92220 Neuily-sur-Seine. Joint Appea ls Board No.: 59521. ISSN 1278-916 X. I Copyright deposit: July 1999. © G.S. Presse Communication. The editoria l department is not responsible for the loss of or damage to texts or photos that are sent to it for consideratio n. Reproduction in who le or in part of any material published in the magazine is prohibited . I Cover: I Photo taken on September 4, 1971, directly over the Tilaran range in Central America by an airplane from the National Geographic Institute ofCosta Rica (Bernard Thouanel collection). I , , I I I I

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"Concrete problems are raised that call for a response in terms ofaction" by General Bernard Norlain, IFormer director of the lnstitut des Hautes Etudes de Defense Nation ale (Institute for Advanced Nationa l Defense Studies I(IBEDN)] When General Letty visited me in March I995 at my office at IHEDN to explain to me his project for creating a new committee for study of UFOs, I assured him of my interest and referred him to the management ofthe IHEDN Auditors Association (AA) , which • Igave him its support . Knowing that some twenty years earlier the AA had produced and published a preliminary report on the subject in its bulletin, it was but time to update it. Denis Letty seemed to me to be the perfect one to spearhead this task~ one month I earlier, in February, he had organized , within the framework of the Ecole de l' Air [Air Force Academy] Alumni Association, a conference on unidentified aerospace phenomena . Before a large public, some of our comrades , former pilots, spontaneous ly related their I encounters with UFOs . The person in charge of studying these phenomena at the CNES then presented his results, and a well-known astronomer described a scientifically acceptable version of the extraterrestrial hypothesis . I The fields of knowledge affected by the UFO phenomenon are very diverse , and General Letty was able to find within the AA, but on the outside as well, numerous I experts whose efforts h~ coordinated . The list of high-level civilian and military degrees of the members of his committee is very impressive : officers, engineers, and specialists in physics, life sciences, and social sciences were able to deal with all aspects of the study. I This is not a purely academic study . Concrete prob lems are raised, and not only for civilian and military pilots, that call for a response in tenns of action . The makeup of I COMET A [Committee for In-Depth Studies] , which is the name ofthe committee, took these into account. Almost all of its members have, or had during the course of their careers, important responsibilities in defense, industry, teaching, research or various I central administrations . I express the wish that the recommendations of COMET A, which are inspired by good I sense, will be examined and implemented by the authoritie s of our country . The first report of the AA favored the creation within CNES of the only civilian government agency known in the world dedicated to the study of UFOs . May this new report, which is much more in-depth , give new impetus to our national efforts and to indispensable international cooperation. IHEDN will then have well served the nation and, perhaps , humanity . "Consider all oftile hypotheses" I I I

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, I by Denis Letty, Air Force General, 2nd Section, AA (35) I The accumulation of well-documented sightings made by credible witnesses forces us to consider from now on all of the hypotheses regarding the origin of unidentifiedflying objects , or UFOs, and the extraterrestrial hypothesis, in particular. UFOs are now a part I of our media environment ; the films, television broadcasts, books, advertisements, etc., dealing with UFOs amply demonstrate this. Although no characterized threat has been perceived to date in France, it seemed I necessary to the former auditors of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Defense Nationale (IHEDN) to take stock of the subject. Along with qualified experts from extremely varied backgrounds , they are grouped together to forrn a private in-depth fact-finding committe e, which was christened COMET A. I This committee was transformed into a COMET A association, which I chair. I would I like to thank General Bernard Norlain, former director of IHEDN, and Mr. Andre Lebeau , former chairman of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, without whom COMETA would not have been born. I In addition, I wish to acknowledge the various people who agreed to give their testimony or to contribute to this study, and namely: Jean-Jacques Velasco , Head of SEPRA at CNES, Fran~ois Louange , Chief Executive Officer of Flex.image, , Jean-Charles Duboc, Jean-Pierre Fartek, Rene Giraud, civilian and military I pilots, Edmond Campagnac , former technical director of Air France at Antananarivo, Michel Perrier, Squadron Commander , Gendannerie Nationale I M. Soun , ofthe Direction Generale de !'Aviation Civile [Civil Aviation Agency] Joseph Domange , Air Force General, Auditors Association delegate general. I I must also thank the commander of the Afr Force Air Operation s Command Center for its participation during the investigation into flight AF 3532 on January 28, 1994. I Among the members of COMET A who spared no effort for close to three years, it is possible for me to list: Michel Algrin, State Doctor of Political Science, attorney-at -law, AA (35), (1) I Pierre Bescond , Weapons Engineer Genera l, 2nd Section, AA (48), Denis Blancher , Chief of Police, Police Nationale, Ministry of the Interior , Jean Dunglas , Doctor of Engineering (Ret .), in Water and Foredtry Management AR I (48) Bruno Le Moine, Air Force General, 2nd Section, AA (41 ), Fran~oise Lepine , Fondation pour Jes Etudes de Defense [Foundation for Defen se I Studies], AA (33), Christian Marchal , Chief Mining Engineer, Resea rch Director at ONERA I (National Aerospace Study and Research Office), Marc Merlo , Admiral, 2nd Section, AA (35), Alain Orszag, Doctor of Physical Sciences, Weapons Engineer General , 2nd Section . I I

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,~ (/): AA or AR xx: auditor of national or regional promotion no. xx. IINTRODUCTION IIn 1976, a committee of the Institut des Hautes Etudes de Defense Nationale (IHEDN) chaired by General Blanchard1 of the Gendarmerie Nationale1 opened the unidentified flying objects file. The objective: to make proposals for organizing research and the collection of data on these phenomena . The-goal was achieved, because the I recommendations of this cornm.ittee were followed b,1 the creation of the Groupe d'Etude des Phenomenes Aerospatiaux Non Identifies (GEP AN) [Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena Study Group], the precursor to the current Service d'Expertise des I Phenomenes de Rentree Atmospherique (SEPRA) [Atmospheric Reentry Phenomena Consulting Department], a division of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) , 1.which is in charge of this file. Twenty years later, it seemed useful to us to take stock once again of the knowledge regarding these sightings, which are becoming of greater and greate r interest to a large public that is often convinced of the extraterrestrial origin of UFOs . Just look at the number of films or television broadcasts on this subject. I For the sake of convenience with respect to language, we will use the term UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) genera lly1 instead of the more scientific term UAP I(Unidentified Aerospace Phenomenon) . Without a doubt, the phenomenon remains and the number of sightings, which are completely unexplained despite the abundance and quality of data, is growing throughout Ithe world . On the ground, some sightings, like the Trans-en-Provence sighting in 1981, have been the subject of in-depth studies proving that something did in fact land on the ground and parked there . Civilian and military pilots have provided gripping visual Itestimonies , often corroborated by radar recordings , as was the case recently in France. In view of the lack of irrefutable proof regarding the origin of these phenomena, the need for understanding persists . eWe will devote the first part of this report to several particularly remarkable French and foreign cases. In the second part, after having recalled the current organization of the research on Ithese phenomena in France and abroad, we will evaluate the work being done by scientists worldwide who are interested in UFOs and are proposing , as we will see, partial explanations that are based on known laws of physics. ISome of these (propulsion systems, non lethal weapons, etc.) could become realities in the short , medium and long term . We will review the principal global explanation s proposed , focusing on those that are in keeping with the current scientific data, which range from secret weapons to -extraterrestrial manifestations. The UFO phenomenon involves defense in the broad sense and calls for a certain number of measures, which we will examine in the last part: - [providing] civilian and military pilots with sufficient information to teach them an adapted conduct when faced with these phenomena and, more generally, [providing] the public and decision-makers with information, - developing the actions of SEPRA and promoting supplementa l scientific monitoring, or even research , actions , - considering the strateg ic, political, and religious consequences of a possible confirmation of the extraterr estrial hypothe sis, the bizarre connotat ion of which it is

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advisable to eliminate here and now. PART I Facts and Testimonies I Before going further, it seems worthwhi le to us to present several facts and testimonies I that in themselves justify the interest of the in-depth study that we are going to develop below: - three testimonies of French civilian and military pilots who encountered UFOs in flight, - five major aeronautical cases in the world, I - three sightings frQm the ground , - four cases of close encounter s in France. I These few examples are among the hundreds of remarkable, that is to say credible and well-documented , cases observed around the world in recent decades. None of these cases has been explained, whereas the majority ohimes the investigations enable the origin I of the phenomena observed by the witnesses to be determined ; we will give two significant examples of this. I Chapter 1 - Testimonies of French Pilots Three French pilots who encountered UFOs in flight came to testify before the committee. Their testimonies are all the more interesting because they can be eva1uated I better than other aerial phenomena since they pertain to the aeronautic world . I 1.1 M. Giraud, Mirage IV pilot (March 7, 1977). I The sequence of events of this incident was reconstructed from radio exchanges between the pilot and the controller , which are routinely recorded and kept for a specific period of time in accordance with the procedure in force at all control centers . The I incident occurred on March 7, 1977, at around 2100 hours local time during the Dijon flyover when the Mirage IV was returning, the automatic pilot engaged, to Luxeuil after a I night mission. [The aircraft was] at an altitude of 9600 m and flying at a speed of"Mach 0.9." The flight conditions were very good . The pilot (P), Herve Giraud, and his navigator (N) observed a very bright glow at "3 o'clock" (time code) from their aircraft, I at the same altitude, coming on a collision course and approaching very rapidly. We will designate it "assa ilant" (A1) in the rest of the account. P queried the Contrexeville military radar station that controlled them to ask whether they had a radar contact on the I aircraft coming towards them. In fact, P and N thought that it was an air defense interceptor , as is currently being used, that was seeking to intercept their aircraft to then identify it with its identification beacon. I The radar controller (C), who did not have a corresponding radar contact on his scope, gave a negative response and asked the pilots to check their oxygen. This request on the part of the controller is a standard emergency procedure ; it shows that the controller is so I I

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I ~ surprised by the crew's question that he suspec ts an oxygen problem capable of causing a "hallucination." I"Assailant A I" maintained its course towards the Mirage IV. P initiated a bank to the right toward A 1, a bank which he was forced to keep tightening (3 to 4 g) in order to try to maintain visual contact on A I and to keep it from positioning itself to the rear. Despite Ithis maneuver, A I moved behind the Mirage IV at an estimated distance of 1500 m. At this point P reve rsed his bank to regain visual contact on A 1 . He saw the glow move away to "11 o'clock." He resumed course to Luxeuil. But 45 seconds after he resumed I course to Luxeuil, feeling like he was being "watched" according to his own words, P told N, "you wait and see, it's going to come back." And in fact, an identical glow, which we will call A2, appeared at "3 o'cl ock." IP then initiated a very tight bank (6.5 g) to disengage his aircraft from what he now considered to be a real threat. The glow followed the Mirage !Y's maneuver in order to position itself to the rear at an estimated distance of 2000 m. P reversed, as before, and I - once again saw the glow disappear under the same conditions . C still did not have a radar . ' contact on "assailant A2." P and N continued their flight and returned nonnally to th e Luxeuil base. IThose are the facts. Two points should be emphasized : :!. - only a combat aircraft could have had performance comparable to that of A 1 and A2 (speed, maneuverability). In this case, C would have had a radar contact on this aircraft, I especially at that altitude, a contac t that he would have seen all the better since there was no other traffic in the vicinity of the Mirage lY. • - given the apparent maneuvers of Al and A2, regardless of whet her or not they were I the same craft, their speed could only be supersoni c, which, in the case of combat aircraft, wou ld be manifested on the ground by a very loud sonic boom due to the phenomenon of the focusing of the shock wave generated by the bank. Th.is would have been noticed in I the surrounding area, especially since it was nighttime. But no sound was heard in the region . I 1.2 Testimony of a Fighter Pilot (March 3, 1976) ISince this pilot (P) wanted to preserve his anonymity, the following lines are extracted from the written deposition that he wished to send to us (he revealed his name subsequently ~ he is Colonel Claude Bose) . On March 3, 1976, P, then a student pilot at Ithe Combat Flight School at Tours , was making a solo night flight in a T-33 training aircraft . The mission consisted of navigating at an altitude of 6000 m following a Rennes Nante s-Poitiers itinerary, then landing at Tour s. Several aircraft were following the same Iitinerary at 5-minute intervals. The night was dark but cloudle ss, and the town s could be detected very clearly at the flight altitude in question. Visibility was greater than 100 km. While he was flying stabilized at an altitude of 6000 m, at a speed of 460 km/h, P first saw Istraight ahead, very far off in the distance (at the detection limit oflights on the ground) what he at first thou ght was the launching of a green signaling flare. In 1 to 2 seconds , this flare exceeded the altitude of his aircraft by 1500 m and seemed Ito level off in space before descending in his direct ion. It approached at a dizzying speed on a collision course with the aircraft and filled the entire front windshield of the cockpit . Th.inking that impact was inevitable, P let go of the joystick and crosse d his arms in front Iof his face in a reflex protection gesture . The aircraft was completely enveloped in a very bright and phosphorescent green light . P saw a sphere (S) that avoided his aircraft at the I I

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I r I very last moment and passed over his right wing grazing it, all within a fraction of a second . P retained the following memory of this incident: - S was not very large ( l to 2 m in diameter), I - S was extended by a tail, which was comparable to that on a comet , that was also a fluorescent green color, - the center of S consisted of a very bright white light (magnesium-fire type), - the sighting lasted a tota l of less than 5 seconds . P, who was very shocked by this phenomenon , informed the radar controller (-) I !I ensuring the control of the mission on the ground ; the controller had not detected anything on his radar scope . Upon return, two other pilots who had followed the same itinerary as P stated that they had seen the phenomenon, but from a distance. I 1.3 Air France Flight AF 3532 (January 28, 1994) Jean-Char les Duboc (P), captain of Air France flight AF 3532, was assisted by Copilot Valerie Chauffour (CP) in making the Nice-London connection on January 28, 1994. At I 1314 hours, while they were cruising at an altitude of 11,900 m in the vicinity of I Coulommiers in Seine-et-Mame [Department] under excellent meteorological conditions, the chief steward, who was present in the cockpit a t the time, pointed out a phenomenon that appeared to him to be a weather balloon. His sighting was immediately confinned by I the copilot. P, who in tum saw it, first thought that it was an aircraft banking at a 45° angle. Very quickly, however, all three agreed that what they were seeing did not resemble anything that they knew of The excellent visibility and the presence of altocumulus clouds permitted P to estimate that the phenomeno n was at an altitude of l 0,500 m and at a distance of approximately 50 km. Taking into account its apparent I diameter, they deduced that the craft was large. They were struck by the changes in the I shape ofthe craft, which first appeared in the form of a brown bell before transforrning into a chestnut brown lens shape, then disappearing almost instantaneously on the left side of the aircraft, as if it had suddenly become invisible. P reported to the Reims Air I Navigation Control Center, which had no information on any mobile air presence in the vicinity. However, following the existing procedure, Reims informed the Tavemy Air Defense Operations Center (CODA) ofthe sighting made by the crew and asked P to I follow the "Airmiss" procedure upon landing. CODA did in fact record a radar track initiated by the Cinq-Mars- la-Pile control center at the same time that corresponded in location and time to the phenomenon observed . I This radar track , which was recorded for 50 seconds, did cross the trajectory of flight AF 3532 and did not correspond to any flight plan filed. It should be noted that the phenomenon disappeared from the view of the crew and the radar scopes at the same I instant. The investigations conducted by CODA enabled both the hypothesis of a weather balloon to be ruled out and the precise crossing distance of the two trajectories to be determined, consequent ly bringing the approximate length of the craft to 250 min length . I It should be noted that the Northern Regional Air Navigation Center (CRNA) , which handles 3000 movements per day, has investigated only three cases over the last seven years, one of which was that of flight AF 3532 . I Chapter 2 - Aeronautic Cases Throughout the World I I

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., I It is appropriate to specify that those cases that have been sighted from aircraft are considered to be aeronautic cases. This chapter describes five significant cases that occurred in different parts of the world and which were the subject of an investigation by I the authorities of the countries in question . In four cases, the objects were detected both visually and by radar. In the fifth case, they were observed by a number of independent .,witnesses. 2.1 Lakenheath (United Kingdom) (August 13-14, 1956) I The joint USAF - U.S. Air Force - and RAF [Royal Air Force ] military bases of Lakenheath and Bentwaters are located 30 km northeast of Cambridge with respec t to the I first and near the coast to the east of this city with respect to the seco nd. Unknown aerial I " objects followed by their radars during the night of August 13 to 14, 1956, were judged ··11nide111ified'' by the report published in 1969 by the Condon Commission tasked with ,:,evaluating the researc h of the U.S. Air Force on UFOs (cf Chapter 9). In September 1971, the magazine Astronaut ics and Aeronautics published a study of the case by Thayer, the radar expert on the Condon Commission, which was based in part on a study presented in 1969 by Professor MacDonald , an atmospheric physicist. For the reco rd, we ~ point out that on several occa sions, and namely in 1976, Philippe Klass, editor of the journal Aviation W eek and Space Technology, attempted to criticize this work and to I reduce the case to a series of ordinary eve nts (meteorite s, radar propagation anoma lies, etc.). The incidents began at the Bentwaters base, preceded, between 2100 and 2200 hours, by unusual sightings of the approac h contro l radar [center], which we will not go I into in further detail. They took place as follows: - At 2255 hour s, the radar detected an unidentified object moving east to west passing over the base, always almost into the wind at an apparent speed of 2000 to 4000 miles per I hour (mph), or 3200 to 6400 km/h. No sonic boom was mentioned. The personne l of the Bentwaters contro l tower said they saw a bright light flying over the ground from east to west "at an incredible speed" at an altitude of approximately 1200 m. At the same time, I the pilot of a military transpo rt plane flying over Bentwater s at an altitude of 1200 m stated that a bright light passed under his plane tearing east to west "at an incredib le spee d. " The two visual sightings confirmed the radar detectio n. I. - The Bentwaters radar operator reported these concurring radar and visual sightings to the shift supervisor at the Lakenheath [air] traffic radar control center, an American noncommissioned officer to whom we are indebted for a quite detailed report of these I sightings and those that follow. The report , which was sent to the Condon Commission in 1968 by the then retired NCO, is coherent and does not contra dict the document s in the USAF [Project] Blue Book file except in a few minor points; among these documents, the I regulation telex sent by Lakenheath to the Blue Book team on the day of the incident and the report forwarded two weeks later to that same team by American Captai n Holt, an intelligence officer at Bentwaters. I - The shift supervisor at the Lakenheat h base alerted his radar operators . One of them detected a stationary object approxi mate ly 40 km sout hwest of the base, almost in the axis of the trajectory of the superso nic object seen at 2255 hours. The shift supervisor called I the Lakenheath approach radar [center], which confirmed the sighting. The radar technicians at the air traffic control center suddenly saw the object immediately go from immobility to a speed of 600 to 950 km/h. The shift supervisor notified the base I commander. ·I I

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I The object changed direction several times, describing line segments ranging from 13 to I 30 km, separated by abrupt stops for 3 to 6 minutes; the speed always went from a value I of zero to a value of some 950 km/h without any transition. Visual sightings were made from the ground and confirmed the high speed and astounding accelerations. The regulation telex sent by Lakenheath concluded: ''The.fact I that radar and ground visual observations were made on its rapid acceleration and abntpt stop certainly lend credence to the report." - After 30 to 45 minutes, the RAF sent a night fighter, a Venom two-seater , in pursuit I of the object. The Lakenheath air traffic radar control center guided it in the direction of the object 1 0 km east of the center. The pilot acquired the target visually and on radar, then lost it. The center then directed the plane 16 km to the east ofLakenheath; the pilot I again acquired the target and said, "my machine guns are locked onto him. " A short time afterward, he once again lost his target; but the target was followed by the radar operators at the center. They informed the pilot that the object had made a rapid movement to position itself behind him and was following him at a short distance. The pilot confirmed (this]. Watched by the radar technicians, the pilot tried every maneuver for about I0 I minutes in order to move back behind the object (steep climbs, dives, sustained turns) , but he didn't succeed: the UFO followed him at a constant distance according to the ground radar stations. Finally, low on fuel, he returned to base, asking that someone tell him I whether the object continued to follow him. The UFO did, in fact, follow him for a short distance, then came to a standstill. The radar technicians then saw the object make several short moves, then leave in a northerly direction at about 950 km/h and disappear from I radar range at 0330 hours. - A Venom sent to replace the first had to quickly return to base due to mechanical problems before having been able to establish contact with the object. I Thayer concluded his article in the journal Astronautics and Aeronautics in this manner: I "taking into consideration the high credibility ofinformation and cohesiveness and continuity ofaccount. combined with a high degree of'strangeness', it is also certainly one ofthe most disturbing UFO incidents known today." I 2.2 The RB-47 Aircraft in the United States (July 17, 1957) I This case, which appears as "unidentified" in the Condon report, has been cited and studied extensively for 40 years. Physicist James MacDonald published the results of his investigation in 1971 in the journal Astronautics and Aeronautics. Phillip Klass, the I aforementioned journalist, then endeavored in 1976 to trivialize the facts, which was highly contestable from the outset. The bulk ofthis interpretation was refuted at the end of 1997, upon completion ofan in-depth investigation contained in a memorandum from I the aerospace technolo gy researcher Brad Sparks. We will summarize here the important sequences of events ofthe case, which show a luminous unidentified flying object detected at night not only by sight and on radar, but I also by pulsed microwave emissions coming from its direction: The RB-4 7 was a bomber the bomb bays of which had been converted to hold three I officers eac h equipped with means enabling emissions from ground radar~ to be detected and their azimuth direction, but not their distance or the nature of the signals, to be specified. In the south central region of the United States, where the aircraft was making a training flight that day, numerous radar stations were emitting signals the frequencie s of which were close to 3000 MHz and the pulses of which lasted 1 microsecond and I I

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I occurred every 600 microsecond s. The radar~ scanned the horizon four times per minute. Three other officers (pilot, copilot, navigator) were in the cockpit and, as a result, Icould themselves see out of the aircraft . The six officers were questioned by MacDonald in 1969. They related that: - The first incident took place above Mississippi, probably at around 09302 (0330 local 1· time}, when the aircraft, going back to the north from the Gulf ofMexico, was approaching the coas t a little to the east of the Mississippi delta, flying at Mach 0. 75. Captain MacClure detected on his screen a blip corresponding to a pulsed microwave Isource located behind and to the right of the RB-47 (at "S o'clock") that rapidly passed the aircraft and turned around it, departing again on its left in the other direction (between "6 o'clock and 9 o'clock"). The source was therefore airborne and supersonic. MacClure 1· noted the characteristics of the signal: they were those ofthe aforementioned ground radar stations, with the exception of the length of the pulses, which were 2 microseconds . He did not report this incident immediately, thinking that it was perhaps ·a malfunction ofthe Ielectronics . As Klass writes, at the time there were no supersonic aircraft either in the United States or in the USSR large enough to transport a radar, the signal from which possessed the characteristics that were observed . - The following incident occurred at 101OZ in Louisiana, when Commander Chase, pilot, and Captain MacCoyd, copilot , saw an intense bluish-white light aim at the aircraft from " 11 o'clock," then jump from their left to their right and disappear while it was at "2 o'clock ." Klass showed that this object was perhaps a meteorite the trajectory of which caused an optical illusion, but, at the time, Chase and MacCoyd wondered whether it wasn't a UFO. Hearing them, MacClure remembered his prior detection and looked for a signal of the same type . - He found this signal at 10302 , which was identical to the previous one and, perhaps by coincidence, came from "2 o'clock ." This signal was confirmed by Captain 1· Provenzan o, whose detector was itself also able to operate at around 3000 MHz. It could not have been the signal from a fixed radar, because its ''2 o' clock" direction remained unchanged when the aircraft followed its route to the west for several minutes. The Iaircraft entered Texas, then came within range of the "Utah" radar [center] located near Dallas. The crew reported to Utah, which detected both the aircraft and an object maintaining a constant distance of 18 km from it. I - At 10392 , still in Texas , Commander Chase perceived a large red light, which he estimated was moving 1500 m below the aircraft at approximately "2 o'clock ." The aircraft was flying at an altitude of 10,500 m, and the weather was perfectly clear. tAlthough the commander was not able to determine either the shape or the size of the object, he had the distinct impression that the light was emanating from the top of the object. I At 10402 , he received authorization to pursue this object and notified Utah. He slowed down , then accelerated ; Utah informed him that the object was mirroring his movement s, all the while maintaining a constant distance of 18 km. I - At 10422, Chase accelerat ed and saw the red object tum to the right in the direction of Dallas; this was confirmed by MacClure. - At around 10502 , a little to the west of Dallas, the object stopped and simultaneously I disappeared from the view of the radar(~) (Utah and the onboard radar that had just detected the object when the RB-47 had approached it) and from MacClure 's screen (the disappearance of an object from a radar screen is less surprising nowadays ; it calls to mind I the active stealth technologies currently in development if not in operation) . The aircraft then banked to the left. MacClure picked up a signal that was perhaps the one from Utah. I I

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I I Visual and radar contact were regained. At 10522, Chase saw the object drop to around 4500 m. He had the RB-47 make a dive from 10,500 to 6000 m. The object then disappeared from his view, from the Utah radar, and from MacClure' s screen simultaneously. - At 10572 , still near Dallas, the object reappeared on MacClure 's screen, and I Utah indicated that it had prepared a "CIRVIS " (Communications Instructions for Reporting Vital Intelligence Sightings) report , a secret urgent radio report sent to the Air Defense Command, which is mandatory in the event of a sighting by the Air Force of an unidentified aerial object. At 1058Z, the pilot regained visual contact at ''2 o'clock ." A few minutes later, seeing his fuel reserves drop, he decided to return and headed roughly I north toward Oklahoma City. The object then positioned itself behind the aircraft at a distance of 18 km, as reported by Utah, which tried to send fighter jets in pursuit of the unknown [object]. The object, flowing lower than the RB-47 and behind it, could not be seen from the cockpit, but it was detected on MacClure ' s screen until Oklahoma City, well outside the range of the Utah radar. Then it suddenly disappeared from the screen at I 11402. I 2.3 Tehran (September 18 to 19, 1976) I This incident took place during the night of September 18 to 19, 1976. Different newspapers worldwide reported it more or less accurately: for example, France-Soir in the September 21st issue. An American citizen took laborious steps with the U.S. I authorities to obtain a report, invoking the freedom of information act. He finally obtained it from the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). Other U.S. documents have been obtained I since then. Interview s with generals and the Iranian air [traffic] controller involved in this affair enabled the DIA report to be confirmed and supplemented a bit, namely with the mention I, of proper names. The following summary resulted from a reading of the all the information: - At around 11:00 p.m. on September 18, the Tehran airport control tower received I several calls reporting a strange immobile luminous object in the sky above the Shemiran residential district in the northern part of the capital. The person in charge of the night shift, Hossain Perouzi, went out to look at the object with binoculars. He testified that he I saw a rectangle, probably corresponding to a cylindrical object, the ends of which pulsed bluish-white lights. In the middle of the object, a small red light described a circle. Perouzi reported this strange sighting to the Imperial Air Force Command, which alerted I General Youssefi, the third in command of this air force. He went out on his balcony and saw an object similar to a star, but much bigger and brighter~ he ordered a Phantom F-4 reaction aircraft, the mission of which he directed through Perouzi as intermediary. When the F-4 came to 45 km from the object, its flight instruments and all its means of communication (radio and intercom) suddenly stopped working . The pilot aborted the I interception and headed for his base. The crew then regained use of their instruments and means of communication . - A second F-4 was sent by General Youssefi. The UFO's echo on its screen was I similar to that of a Boeing 707. The F-4 approached the UFO at a relative speed of 280 km/h. When it came to 45 km from it, the UFO accelerated and maintained a constant distance of45 km from the F-4. The crew was not able to determine the size of the object I I

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I because it shone so intensely. Its brightness came from lights arranged in a rectangle, changing rapidly from glue to green, to red, and to orange. - Suddenly a bright object with an apparent diameter one half or one third of that of the I moon exited the UFO and headed rapidly for the F-4. The pilot tried to shoot a Sidewinder missile at the object, but at the same instant his fire control console and his Imeans of communication (radio and intercom) became inoperable. He promptly initiated a bank and a dive, but the object changed direction and pursued the aircraft at a distance of approximately 6 km. Finally, the object moved inside the F-4's bank and depart ed in order Ito reenter the UFO from which it had exited . - A short time afterwards , an object again exited the UFO and rapidly headed straight down to the groun d. The F-4 crew waited to see it explode, but the object seemed to Itouch down gently and shine a very bright light over an area 2 to 3 km in diameter. The crew, momentarily blinded, orbited long enough to recover their night vision before landing at the Tehran airfield. It noted that it lost communicat ions (radio and intercom) Iwhenever their aircraft crossed a certain zone. It should be pointed out that a civilian aircraft also lost communications when it crossed that zone. The next day, the crew was taken by helicopter to the place where the object had apparently landed, a dried up lake, I· but it didn't find any trace [of the object]. An attached note from DIA was just as astonishing as the report itself; it indicated that the information had been confirmed-by other sources and ended with this assessment: I"An outstanding report. This case is a classic which meets all the criteria necessary for a valid study ofthe UFO phenomenon . " !!:. The obiect was seen by multiple witnesses from different locations ... , !!.:. The credibility ofmany ofthe witnesses was high (an Air Force General, qualified aircrews, and I experienced radar operators), s Visual sightings were confirmed br radar, 4.. Similar electromagnetic effects (EME) were reported by three separate aircraft, I~ There were physiological effects on some crew members (i.e. loss of night vision due to the brightness o[the obiect), .f An inordinate amount ofmaneuverability was displayed by the UFOs." ·1The attempt by KJass to trivialize this case shows how solid it is. 2.4 Russia (March 21, 1990) I This case took place at night in the Pereslavl-Zalesski region east of Moscow . It was reported in an article by Aviation General Igor Maltsev, Air Defense Forces commander, I which appeared in the newspaper Rabochaya Tribzma ("Work ers' Tribune") on April 19, 1990, entitled "UFOs on Air Defense Radars" (cf the book by Marie Galbraith referenced in Chapter 9. 1 ). ,I The article mentions the dispatch of combat aircraft on a mission to intercept the UFOs detected . General Maltsev, who summarized over one hundred visual sightings coHected by unit commande rs, stated: I"I am not a specialist in UFOs, and therefore I can only correlate the data and express mv own supposition. According to the evide nce o[these eyewitnesses, the UFO is a disk with a diameter from JOO to 200 meters /320 to 650 (eets /. Two pulsating lights were positioned on its sides ... Moreove r, the ·1object rotated around its axis and performed an 'S-turn' flight both in the vertical and horito ntal planes. Next the UFO hovered above the ground and then flew with a speed exceeding that ofthe modern iet fighter bv two or three times .. The obiects flew at altitudes ranging from JOO to 7000 m. (300 to 24,000 feet/. The movement o[the UFOs was not accompanied by sound o(anr kind and was Idistinguished by its startling maneuverability. It seemed the UFOs were completelv devoid o[inertia. In other words, they had somehow 'come to terms' with gravity. At the present time, terrestrial I I

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machines could hardh· have such capabi lities. " I 2.5 San Carlos de Bariloche (July 31, 1995) I Source SEPRA Aerolineas Argentinas flight AR 674, a Boeing 727 en route from Buenos Aires, was 140 km from San Carlos de Bariloche, a tourist resort in the central Andes where it was I preparing to land. I At that precise instant , a power outage plunged the town into darkness, and the pilot received the order to stay on standby for a few minutes before making his final approach . When he began his approach, the pilot noticed a strange star . At the same time, the I contro l center put a second airplane that had arrived in the sector on standby . Flight AR 674 continued its approach, but when it had completed its tum and was in the ax.is ofthe runway, an object resembling a large aircraft appeared on its right side and flew parallel to I it! This object had three lights, one of which was red, in the middle of it. The airport lights failed again, and the runway and approach ramp lights also went out. The airplane on standby observed the same phenomenon from its position. I Since the pilot could not land, he pulled up and turned again in order to reposition himself in the ax.is of the runway . At that moment, the object, which had become luminous, moved behind the airplane, stoppe d, ascended vertica lly, and once again stopped . It moved back in front of the airplane before finally disappearing in the direction of the Andes Cordillera. The crew and passengers of flight AR 674, those on the other I airplane, the airport controllers, and some of the inhabitants of San Carlos watched this unusual aerial ballet dumbfounded . I - This case is interesting in more than one respect : ·1 the sighting was corroborat ed by multiple independent observers both in flight and on the grou nd, - the phenomenon lasted several minutes, I - there were different trajectories , some ofwhich closely followed those of the airplane, - there was an observation of an electromagnetic phenomenon (the lights of th~ town and the airport went out) directly related to the presence of the object. I Chapter 3 - Sightings from the Ground I This chapter deals with sightings from the ground, two of which were reported to the committee by direct witnesses of the phenomena observed. Here agai~ their testimonies are all the more interesting since they pertain to the aeronautic world and the phenomena were observed during the day . I I 3.1 Phenomenon Observed by Numerous Witnesses at Antananarivo (August 16, 1954) Testimony before the commitlee Edmond Campagnac (C), a fonner arti llery officer and former chief of technical I services for Air France in Madagascar who is now retired, came to testify before the committe e. The phenomenon described below occurred on August 16, 1954, in I I

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I Antananarivo . It was seen by several hundred witnesses . At 1700 hours, when the personnel of the Air France office were waiting for the mail to Ianive , someone spotted a "large ·· gree n "ball" in the sky moving at high speed . The first thought of the witnesses was that it was a meteo rite. The phenomenon disappeared behind a hill, and they thought that the green ball was going to crash into the ground and , , that they were going to feel the impact. However , it reappeared after a minute . In passing directly over the observers , it revealed itself to be "a sort ofmetal rugby hall preceded by a clearly detached green Ilens/-shaped portion] with sparks issuing from the rear." In the estimation of the witnesses , the "ball" was the length of a DC4 airplane , or some forty meters long. The green lens[-shaped portion] sepa rated itself [ and remain ed] a little less than 40 m out in Ifront, with fairly long sparks [ coming out] in the rear. The craft flew over Antananarivo at an estimated height of 50 to 100 meters , an estimation that was made possible by compari son with the height of a nearby hill. When the craft was moving, shop lights went I out, and animals exhibited a real anxiety. e After having flown over Antananarivo , the craft departed in a weste rly direction . When it flew over the zebu park in the town, the craft caused a violent fright reaction among them . This is a surprising detail, since normally these animals do not show any agitation when Air France planes pass by. Two or three minutes later, an identical craft was observed 150 km from there above a farm school. There , too, the herds were overcome "Iwith panic. If the craft sighted was the same one as the one in Antananarivo , its speed would have had to be on the orde r of300 0 km/h. Acco rding to C's account , General Fleurquin, Commander-in-Chief in Madagascar , assembled a "scientific commi ssion" to I conduct an investigation into these phenomena . No trace of this investigation could be found in the Air Force archives; however , GEPA (Groupe d'Etudes des Phenomenes Aerospatiaux [Aerospace Phenomena Study Group]) bulletin no. 6 of the 2nd half of 1964 Idescribed this sighting. 3.2 Sighting by a Pilot of a Saucer Close to the Ground (December 9, 1979) I GEPANISEPRA investigation and testimony before the committee At the time of the incident, former Air Force Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-Pierre Fartek (F) Iwas a Mirage III pilot in the 2nd fighter squadron at Dijon . F is currently a pilot for a private compan y. F was living, and still lives, in the same village near Dijon. His house is located at the end of a housing development looking out onto fields . Approximately 250 Im away is a grove of trees with an average height of 15 mat maximum . On December 9, 1979, at around 9: 15 a .m., F and his wife saw an unusual object (hereinafter called M) in the field near their house. The weathe r and visibility were excellent. M, the dimensions of Iwhich they estimated to be 20 m in diameter by 7 m thick , was hoveri ng approximately 3 m above the g round in front of the grove of trees, which partially concealed it. In complete agreement with his wife, witnes s F d escribed it as: I - having the shape of two superpo sed saucers with very distinct contours inverted one on top of the other and not exhibiting any portholes or lights, - b eing metallic gray on the upp er porti on and dark er (bluish) on the lower portion , Iwith a perfectl y delimited separation between the upper side and the underside ofthe craft. Th.is color difference cou ld not be due to a difference in lighting g iven the position of the sun, i - in constant motion as a result of~ slight oscillations, the frequency of which was not very rapid , like somet hing trying to balance, I I

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I - not making any noise, I - - not causing any turbulence on the ground either when it hovered or when it departed, I not having left any trace on the ground. After observing it for a period of time which was hard· for him to determine, F saw M oscillate faster; he had the impression that M tilted slightly forward (as a helicopter does after lift-off when it begins level flight). F saw M leave in a horizontal direction at a very low altitude without making any noise, without leaving any trail, and at a very high speed I and disappear on the horizon in a few seconds. F reported [the incident] to the Gendarmerie de l'Air at the Dijon air base. He thought that other people had seen the phenomenon but had not dared to go report it, namely, his neighbors and their cruldren, I who report edly made the same sighting. This sighting by a pilot professionally well informed of aeronautical phenomena was never explained. I 3.3 A Case of Multiple Witnesses at a Russian Missile Base (July 28-29, 1989) I Heading the UFO reports declassified by the KGB in 1991 is a file relating to an army missile base near Kapustin Yar in the region of Astrakhan, wruch was related in Marie Galbraith's book (cf. Chapter 9.1). The English-speaking public learned ofit through the I Muscovite journal A URA-Z of March 1993. Military personnel from two centers on the base prepared written depositions of their visual sightings, wruch were made under good visibility conditions. The file, which is incomplete, does not mention any possible radar I detections. It begins with a brief summary of the case, the author of which was an I anonymous KGB officer, followed by an account of seven written testimonies : - Five testimonies from the first center were provided by Lieutenant Klimenko, two corporals, and two soldiers. On the night of July 28 to 29, these military personnel sighted I UFOs between 2215 and 2355 hours at a distance of3 to 5 km. Up to three objects were seen simultaneously. One object silently made jerky movements, with very abrupt starts and stops, and periods of immobility. All of the witnesses saw a fighter jet attempt to approach one UFO, wruch escaped at lightning speed, "giving the impression that the aircraft was hovering. " Only the noise from the aircraft was heard, whereas the UFO I must have reached supersonic speed . - Two other testimonies from a center near the first one concern the sighting of a UFO from 2330 to 0130 hours at a distance ranging from a few kilometers to 300 m. This UFO I was described by Second Lieutenant Volochine as a disk 4-5 min diameter, surmounted by a brightly lit hemispherical dome . The second lieutenant attached a sketch of the saucer torus deposition. The saucer sometimes moved abruptly, but soundlessly, and I sometimes remained immobile 20-60 m above the ground . In the company of soldier Tichaev, Volocrune saw it emitting a phosphore scent green light, hovering 300 m from them and some 20 m above a missile depot; it illuminated this depot for several seconds with a moving beam of light. , , In a report that was consistent with the report of his superior, soldier Tichaev stressed the lack of noise made by the object , even when a short distance away, which prevented I him from confusing it with a helicopter. The two witnesses, who were joined after some :I time by the guard team, had watched the maneuvers of the object above the center and the surrounding area for two hours. Chapter 4 - Close Encounters in France I I

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I 4.1 Valensole, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (Department] (July 1, 1965) I In-depth investigation by the Gendarmerie Nationale At Valensole on July 1, 1965, Maurice Masse, who left his home at 5:00 a.m., headed I for his lavender fields located on the plateau near the village. Before starting his tractor at around 6:00 a.m., he lit a cigarette and at that moment heard a hissing sound that attracted his attention . Emerging from behind a pile of stones, he saw an object resting in his field I approximately 90 m from him. Its shape was reminiscent of that of a "Dauphine" automobile standing on six legs with a central pivot. He approached it with caution , at a distance of ten meters or so, thinking he might surprise people about to steal his lavender I from him. He then saw two small beings, one of whom, who was turned in his direction, reportedly pointed a tube at him that he took from a sort of bag hanging on his left side. Maurice Masse indicated that he was totally immobilized in place, numbed and paralyzed, I but completely aware of the events that were unfolding before his eyes. The two beings . J then got back in their craft. He watched them while they were behind a sort of dome , and he heard a heavy noise when the object lifted up off the ground . He also remarked that I the tube that was under the object, touching the ground, began to tum, as well as the six ·.A legs, which retracted under the machine. The object then ascended in a vertical direction before tilting diagonally and disappearing more rapidly than a jet. Maurice Masse I remained immobilized in this manner for about 15 minutes before coming to, then resuming his work and going to tell his story in the village, where the gendarmes, having learned of the incident, questioned him during the day. I The Valensole gendarmerie force, then the Digne investigations squad, investigated this case for several days. The investigations of the gendarmerie established the existence , at the spot indicated by Maurice Masse, of a depression impressed into the ground, which I had been soaked in that place. In the center of it was a cylindrical hole 18 cm in diameter and 40 cm deep with smooth walls. At the bottom of the hole were three other bent holes 6 cm in diameter. Along the object's axis of flight, over some one hundred mete rs, the I lavender beds were dried up. This phenomenon lasted for several years, during which time the witness tried in vain to replant the plants within a radius of several meters around the track s. I Despite a few contrad ictory elements in Maurice Masse's account, the data collected by the two gendarme brigades confirmed the plausibility of the facts, particularly the effect on the environment and on the witness himself, who slept twelve to fifteen hours a night, I followed by the paralysis of which he had been a victim, for severa l months . The investigation into the witness's character did not turn up any specific information that would permit one to suspect him of mythomaniac behavior or of staging a hoax. I 4.2 Cussac, Cantal (Department] (August 29, 1967) I GEPAN/SEP RA investigation The Cussac incident has occupied a special place among the UFO cases, since a second I inquiry was conducted in 1978, as an example, at the request of the GEP AN scientific council. On August 29, 1967, at around 10:30 a.m., during a beautiful sunny morning on the high plateaus in the center of France, two you ng children were watc hing the family's I herd. The dog that accompanied them alerted them that a cow was gett ing ready to jump I I

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I I over the low wall of the enclosure . The boy, who was 13 years old at the time, got up to make the cow come back, when he spotted four children whom he did not recognize on I the other side of the road. Surprised by what he saw, he called his sister, when he noticed an extremely bright sphere back behind the unknown children . They then realized that thes e were not children but I small black beings whose height did not exceed 1.20 m. Two of them were standing next to the sphere, another was kneeling before it, and the fourth, who was standing, held in its hand a sort of mirror that blinded the children. The boy tried to call out to them, but the small beings then hurriedly returned to the sphere. The children saw them rise from the ground and penetrate the ball from the top, diving in head first. The sphere took off with I a hissing sound, then rose into the sky describing a continuous spiral movement at high speed. The dog barked, the cows started to moo, and a very strong odor of sulfur filled the air. The second inquiry began in 1978 with a team of investigators from GEP AN and I qualified outside advisors, one of whom was a former examining magistrate . The highlights of this second inquiry did not have to do with the facts or the account, but with new elements such as secondary witnesses found at the site who provided I supplemental information and strengthened the credibility of the case. In particular, a gendarme who arrived on the scene immediately following the incident found tracks on the ground at the place indicated by the children and noted the very strong odor of sulfur. I Likewise, another witness also came forward who admitted being in a granary close to the site and clearly remembered a hissing sound very different from that of a helicopter ofthe time. I The reconstruction at the site in the presence of the two main witnesses confirmed both the descriptive accounts and the circumstances that followed the sighting. At the time the children gave off a strong odor of sulfur, but, above all, they suffered from physiological I disorders, and their eyes ran for several days. These facts were certified by the family doctor and confirmed by their father, who was mayor of the village at the time. In the conclusion of this_, second inquirythe judge gave his opinion on the witnesses and their I testimony: "There is no flaw or inconsisten cy in these various elements that permit us to doubt the sincerity ofthe witnesses or to reasonably suspect an invention , hoax, or hallucination. Under these circumstances, despite the young age of the principal I witnesses, and as extraordinary as the facts that they have related seem to be, I think that they actually observed them. " I 4.3 Trans-en-Provence, Var [Department] (January 8, 1981) I GEPANISEPRA investigation I In Trans-en-Provence on January 8, 198 1, at around 5: 00 p. m., a man who was building a small shed for a water pump in his garden reportedly was witness to what is perhaps one of the most unusual cases ever observed and studied in France . A reflection of the sun on something moving in the sky suppose dly attracted his attention, allowing him to observe the descent , then the abrupt landing on a platform of earth located below his I house, of a silent metal object. The object, which was ovoid in shape, did not exhibit any apparent projections , wings, control surfaces , or engine that would permit one to liken it to some type of aircraft . The object rested on the platform of earth for a few short I seconds , still without emitting any noise, then it took off and disappeared at high speed in the azure blue sky. The account could stop at this simple visual sighting if there hadn 't been visible mechanical tracks and imprints in the shape of a crown , which pushed the case I I

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I into the domain of the unexplained . The gendarmerie and then GEP AN conducted an in-depth investigation including numerous interviews with the witness and his neighbors. The expert's appraisals of the I grou nd - the talcing of soil and plant samples followed by analyses - showed unequivocally that it really was a case of an unidentified heavy metal object that had actually landed on Ithe platform of earth . The analyses of plant samples taken at the site indicated that they were not dealing with any type of [known] aircraft, or even a helicopter or military drone, which were hypotheses that were considered and analyzed. IThe vegetation at the landing site - a sort ofwild alfalfa - had been profoundly marked and affected by an external agent that considerably altered the photosynthesis apparatus. In fact, the chlorophyll, as well as certain amino acids of the plants, exhibited significant Ivariations in concentrat ion, variations which decreased with the distance [ of the plants] from the center of the mechanical track. These effects disappeared completely two years late r, thus revealing a specific and particular type of traum·a. According to Professor IMichel Bounias of the ecology and plant toxicology laboratory oflNRA [National Institute for Agronomic Research] who performed the analyses, the cause of the profound disturbances suffered by the vegetation present in that ecosystem could likely be a Ipowerful pulsed electromagnetic field in the high frequency (microwave) range . Studies and research are still being conducted in regard to this case and numerous leads have been explored. None of these leads has-been able to satisfy all of the conditions that would Ienable the object that landed in Trans-en-Provence on January 8, 1981, to be identified with certainty , and this is all the more true with respect to the detennination of its origin. I 4.4 Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle [Department] , the so-called "Amaranth" Case (October 21, 1982) I GEPANISEPRA investigation The "Amaranth" Case concerns the sighting during the day by a witness, a cellular biology researcher , of an object that hovered above his garden for 20 minutes. The I testimony recorded by the gendarmerie less than 5 hours after the sighting is summarized as follows : - The witness was in his garde n in front of his house at around 12:35 a.m. after work I on October 21, 1982; he saw a flying craft, which he first took for an airplane, come from the southeast . He saw a shiny craft . He indicated that there were no clouds, that the sun was not in his eyes, and that visibility was excellent. The craft's speed of descent was not I very great, and he thought that it was going to pass over his house . Once he realized that the trajectory of the craft was bringing it toward him, he backed up 3 to 4 meters . This craft, which was oval in shape, stopped approximately one meter from the ground and I remai ned hovering at this height for about 20 minutes. - The witness stated that since he had looked at his watch, he was absolutely certain about the length of time the craft hovered. He described the craft as follows: ovoid in I shape, approximately I min diamete r, 80 cm thick, the bottom half metallic in appearance like polished beryllium and the upper half the blue-green color of the inner depths of a Ilagoon . The craft did not emit any noise, nor did it seem to emit any heat, cold , radiation , magnetism , or electromagnetism . After 20 minutes, the craft suddenly rose straight up, a trajectory which it maintained until it was out of sight. The craft' s departure was very Ifast, as if it were under the effect of strong suction . The witness indicated, finally, that there were no tracks or marks on the ground and the grass was not charred or flattened, I I

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I but he did remark that when the craft departed, the grass stood straight up, then returned I to its normal position. The interest ofthis sighting, apart from its strangeness, lies in the visible traces left on the vegetation and, namely, on an amaranth bush, the tips of whose leaves, which had I completely dried up, led one to think that they had been subjected to intense electrical fields. However, despite short time delays before intervention, the sampling conditions I and then the storage of the sample did not permit this hypothesis to be verified definitively. Based on an earlier study on the behavior of plants subjected to electrical fields, it I - emerged that: - the electrical field, which was what probably caused the blades ofgrass to lift up, had to have exceeded 30 kV/m, the effects on the amaranth that were observed were probably due to an electrical field that had to have far exceeded 200 kV/mat the level of the plant. I Chapter 5 - Counterexamples of Phenomena That Have Been Explained The cases reported in the preceding chapters have remained unexplained, despite the richness oftheir data. Such cases are in the minority. Many sightings of aerial phenomena made in France that the witnesses could not understand and reported to the gendarmerie have been explained after a short investigatio n by the gendarmerie and/or GEP AN/SEP RA: the causes of these have been the moon, planets, aircraft, weather balloons, reflections from automobile headlights on clouds ; etc., and, very rarely, hoaxes. Sometimes the investigation yielded more unusual explanations. We will give two examples. I 5.1 A Strange Object Crosses a Highway (September 29, 1988) I GEPANISEPRA investigation An auto mechanic driving on the Paris-Lille freeway saw an enormous red ball cross the road a few dozen meters away from him and roll down below the road . Casting • I reflections oflight and enveloped in dense smoke , it finally came to a halt in a field. I Troubled by this disturbing observation, the auto mechanic apparently reported it to the highway gendarmes . On the chiefs orders, the gendarmerie then sealed off the freeway and a zone several kilometers around the object. The principal witness and his family were I taken to the hospital, where they underwent a series of examinations. Civilian and military security officers went to the site of the incident, equipped primarily with Geiger counters . At that time, in fact, they were waiting for the Soviet satellite Cosmos 1900, which was I equipped with a nuclear power generator, to fall, and precise instructions had been given . When consulted, CNES very quickly informed them that Cosmos 1900 was overflying_the Indian Ocean at that very moment. Did the red ball come from space? Advancing with I caution, monitoring their nuclear radiation detectors, the security specialists drew near a sphere approximately 1.50 min diameter. Under the bright light from the searchlights, they saw that it bore no sign of the considerable heat build-up or mechanical effects that I atmospheric reentry would have produced . It appeared to be intact, and small mirrors covered its surface . No smoke or radioactivity were detected near it. It was later learned that this sphere , which was intended to serve as a decoration at a Jean-Mi chel Jarre concert , had fallen from the truck that was carrying it to London . The I I

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I small mirrors stuck to its polystyrene casing wer e for reflecting the show' s lighting effects ... I 5.2 A Bright Glow in a Village in the Dombes Region (March 10, 1979) I GEPANISEPRA investigation On March 13, 1979, the local [gendarrnerie] force of a small village in the Dombes region was alerted by an inhabitant who said he had seen an unidentified flying object over I the town during the night of March IO to 11 . In the course of its investigation, the [gendarmerie] force recorded a total of four testimonies, three of which were totally independent of one another . The first witness , a restaurateur in the village, described the I phenomenon as a bluish and purplish luminous mass slightly oval in shape and around 15 meters in length . The light was so bright that the village square was lit up as if it were broad daylight, to such a degree that the public lighting, which goes on automatically, I went out. Two other witnesses, who were in a car close to the village, reported that this luminous mass preceded their vehicle on the road about 2 m ahead of them. They informed the gendarmes that this light went out suddenly after an orange-colored light I appeared on each side of the glow. ~ Finally, a fourth witness, a fish farmer, said he had been awakened that night by a dull noise and had seen a bright bluish glow. The next day, all the fish in one of his fish I (-------) tanks, catfishes, were found dead. The presence of a power line hanging over the tank enabled the gendarmes to focus their investigation on phenomena of an electrical ongm . I GEP AN/SEPRA did the same during the investigation that it conducted on the site a few days later. It discovered very quickJy that the IO-kV power line hanging over the tank had melted. The information provided by [the French electricity company] EDF enabled I them to demonstrate that since this line was some thirty years old, it was very likely that corrosion and oxidation of the aluminum wires had caused a power arc effect in the line, probably in conjunction with a corona effect. This would explain, on the one hand, the I bluish glow and the noise heard by the witness and, on the other hand, the public lighting going out. The glow was, in fact, bright enough to trigger the photoelectric control cell, I Iwhich was located close to the melted line. Finally, the fish died as a result of being poisoned by drop s of aluminum that fell in the tank for several minutes. I PART2 I The Extent of Our Knowledge I Chapter 6 - Organization of the Research in France I In I 977, the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales was tasked with the mission of setting up a permanent struct ure for the study of unidentified aerospace phenomena (UAP) : the Groupe d'Etudes de Phenomenes Aerospatiaux Non Identifies (GEPAN) . This I I I

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I establishment had within it the skills and resources appropriate to this mission, in particular , engineers and personnel with high-level technical knowledge who were in close touch with scientific circles. A scientific council chaired by Hubert Curien and composed of twelve members who were representative ofthe social and exact sciences guaranteed that this complex and delicate subject would be handled with all the necessary precision . This counci l had the job of guiding, organizing, and reviewing the work of GEPAN annually. I Three phases can be distinguished in the progression of the activity connected with the study of UFOs in France, which culminated in 1988 in the creation of the Service d'Expertise des Phenomenes de Rentree Atmospherique (SEPRA), which succeeded I GEPAN, still within CNES : - a phase that consisted of setting up the organization and defining the procedures for the collection and processing of data, which is described in this chapter, I - a phase that consisted of defining the scientific method for studying cases, - a phase that consisted of implementing the previously defined methods and procedures, the last two of which are discussed in the next chapter. I SEPRA plays a more limited role in the study of UFOs than does GEP AN, the scientific council of which has ended its mission I 6.1 The Setting Up the Organization Phase I GEPAN's first job was to form a partnership among the different public, civilian, and I military agencies with a view to organizing the collection and analysis of reliable data . The Gendarmerie Nationale, the civil and military aviation authorities, the National Weather Service, etc., were approached and brought together in this organization via I agreements and protocols established with GEP AN. The first goal set was the rapid acquisition and provision of data collected at the sites where a phenomenon was sighted . To do this, in accordance with the directives of the I scientific council, GEP AN was tasked with the mission of forming teams of specialized investigators for the collection of psychological and physical data, such as, for example , taking samples of tracks in the ground . In parallel to this organization, various civilian and I military research laboratories were asked to participate in expert 's appraisals and analyses of the data collected in investigations , such as, for example, the processing of photographic documents and radar recordings . 6.2 Participation of the Gendarmerie Nationale I It was in February 1974 that the first instructions were given tasking the Gendannerie Nationale with the job of collecting and centralizing spontaneous testimonies on UFOs . I Previously , these testimonies had been collected on an occasional basis in the regional I [gendarmerie] forces and rarely gave rise to the drafting of reports or to in-depth investigations (the Valensole case in [ 1965]) . The administrative or technical authorities did not process or use these documents . I Beginning in May 1977, one of the six copies of the report drafted by the regional gendarmerie forces was forwarded to GEP AN, which from then on became the recipient of all information collected on UFOs. 6.2. t Role and Action of the Gendarmer ie Nationale I I

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I Each gendarmerie force possesses a manual, the "gendarmerie handbook," which contains all of the instructions on the procedures to be followed in the collection of data I on unidentified aerospace phenomena . Depending on the degree of complexity of the case reported, the level of intervention may range from the simple transcript of a testimony to an actual investigation, which may be conducted jointly with the GEP AN/SEPRA I department s at the locations of sightings and often results in an in-depth report . 6.2.2 Use of Data Collected by the Gendarmerie Nationale I Once the information has been collected locally by the gendarmerie, it is forwarded in the form of a report to the Gendannerie Nationale headquarters in Paris, which issues a I copy of it to GEP AN/SEPRA. The latter processes it at two different levels: - at the first level, the report is analyzed, then entered into a database, and perhaps is processed statistically for the purpo se of establishing classifications and typologies of I phenomena , - at the second level, which relates to more complex "UAP D" (category D unidentified aerospace phenomena) cases, the investigat ion in the field generates a set of research I activities with respect to elements for furt her processing that results in the drafting of a detailed, in-depth investigation report ~ the report may be used for track interpretation stud ies. I 6.2.3.As sessment and Results of the Cooperation with the Gendarmerie Nationale I Since 1974, over 3,000 gendarmerie reports representing an average ofthree spo ntaneous testimonies per document have been collected and forwarded to GEP AN/SEPRA . Added to this are some one hundred investigations and interventions in I the field, conducted joint ly with the local [gendarmerie] forces. AU of thes e have permitted the characterization of a set of rare, natural and artificial phenomena that have occurred with varying frequency which would not have been able to be identified without I this type of organization . Thanks to this collaboration, it has been possible to study UFO cases like the Trans-en-Provence and "Amaranth" cases (see Chapter 4) under excellent conditions, showing that there was a remnant of events the nature of which had yet to be I identified. A volume of information describing the object ives sought by CNES in the study of UFOs was widely disseminated to all of the regional [gendarmerie] forces. Supplemental information and training, [ end of line cut off] direction of officers and I lower- level gendarmes, is regularly provided by the Gendarmerie Nationa le schools to sensitize the [gendarmerie] force commanders to this subject. I IThe results of this collaboration could be more effective. Regular updating of the data collection procedures would be desirable, as well as shorter time delays before intervention for investigat ions between the time the local [gendarmerie] force learns of the Icase and the time when SEPRA intervenes . This reduction in the intervention time would cons iderably diminish the loss of information, particularly with respect to effects on the environment. It would also be important for the gendarmerie forces to be routinely Iinformed of the results of work and investigat ions carried out by SEPRA . However, the I I

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I I resources currently available in terms of personnel and budget allocations do not permit a response with the efficacy desired. I 6.3 Particip ation of the Air Force I Just after World War II, the first reports of French aeronautic UFO sightings were collected and archived by the Air Force Chief of Staff's Office of Planning and Studies (EMAAIBPE). I When GEP AN was created, a memorandum of understanding defined the respective roles of the two agencies for the processing of information relating to cases of military aeronautic sightings. In principle, all UFO sightings must be reported to the military air I [traffic] control center in question, which forwards the information to the Air Opera tions Center (CCOA) in Tavemy. The latter is responsible, in collaboration with the Air Force Chief of Staff's Space Office, for forwarding it to GEPAN/SEPRA. At the same time, all I radar information is recorded in the radar control centers and kept for a minimum of one month and longer on request. This information is made available to investigator s if I needed. A protocol established with the Anny defines the conditions for the forwarding of information collected in flight by pilots of the Army Air Corps (ALAT). I 6.4 Participation of the Civil Aviation Authority The same type of organization and procedures is used by the civil aviatiori authority to collect and process the information relating to UFO sightings made by civilian pilots . A I protoc ol signed between the Civil A via ti on Directorate (DGAC) and CNES permit s GEPA.N/SEPRA to have access to UFO sighting reports drafted by national and foreign I airlines crews . To this end, a sighting report form prepared jointly by DGAC and GEPAN/SEPRA is made available to crews at the air [traffic] control centers of the civil I aviation authority and airlines. In addition , the radio conversations between the crew and the air [traffic] control [center] are rout inely recorded and attached to the detailed sighting report. I Ther e is also a regulation concerning flight incidents that could involve safety. In this case, the flight captain must follow the "Airrniss" procedure , which routinely triggers an investigation by the DGAC. I 6.5 Additional Research Resources I Numerous civilian (public or private) and military bodies contribute to the expe rt appraisals performed in investigat ions and work by GEP AN/SEPRA. This involvement takes place at two levels, either in the collection of data in the field and the utilization of sighting reports or in the I analysis of data after the expert's appraisal and the theoretical and expe rimental researc h that are deemed necessary . I Cooperati on agreements have been established , particularly with various bodies that can benefit in return from the results of investigat ions of interest to th eir own area of study, I I

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I for example: - lightning (EDF, CEA [French Atomic Energy Commission], the National Weather IService, ONERA, CEAT [Toulouse Aeronautic Test Center]), - meteors (CNRS [National Center for Scientific Research], DGA [French Genera l Delegation for Annaments]), I- line disturbances (EDF, France Telecom [French telecommunications company]), - group socio logy and, in particular, sects (CNRS , universities), - photography, the stud y of films, the processing of satellite imagery (Flex.image Icompany). The following three applications should be emphasized : I 6.5.1 Sample Analysis I GEP AN/SEPRA is supported by various civilian and military laboratories, including those of the Etablissement Technique Central de l'Annement (ETCA) , [Central Technical Annaments Institution] for analyzing soil and plant samples collected during the course of I investigations. I6.5.2 Use of Photographs Image processing work was performed at ETCA between 1981 and 1988. This work Ienabled the techniques and procedures, listed in GEP AN technical memorandum no. 18, for studying suppo sed UFO photographs to be defined. Diffraction filters were_ issued to each gendannerie regional unit to permit on-site collection of informat ion over the light Ispectrum emitted . I6.5.3 Sky Surveillance System A system called "ORION' was studied and partially dep loyed by [the Ministry of] Defen se for the purpose of monitoring, identifying, and predicting the passage of satellites, I particularly over national territory . It should meet, at least partially, the need for the surveillance ofUFO-type light phenomena . The system consists of I- the current surveillance and tracking radar systems and listening antenna on the ship Monge, - two radar and optica l surveillance systems and one optical imaging system: I• the "GRAVES" s urveillance radar system, which will be capable of detecting objects from I n12 [in size] at a distance of 1500 km, • the "SPOC" [Sky Observation Prob e System] optical surve illance system, which Iuses CCD cameras to detect and determine the trajectory of orbiting satellites or magnitude 7 to 8 space debris (the installation of equipment at two sites is currentl y under way), I- finally, the development of the 4 m diameter "SOLSTICE'' telescope , which may be provided with adapti ve optics , for the observation of object s m geostati onary orb it (36,000 km). I I I

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I I Chapter 7 - Method and Results of GEPAN/SEPRA I 7.1 Method Developed by GEPAN I GEP AN developed an original method for studying rare, randomly occuning phenomena . Meteorites are among these phenomena . Scientists have long refused to consider sightings of stones that have fallen from the sky, which are generally reported by I rural inhabitants . Fortunate ly, in 1803, the physicist Jean-Bapti ste Biot conducted an in depth investigation in the village of Laigle in Orne [Department] about three weeks after_it was reported_ that stones had fallen from the sky. Biot examined numerous stones and I certain evidence (broken branches, perforated roofs, fires) and questioned many independent witnesses. He prepared a convincing report that gave scientific ~xistence to meteorites . I The method developed by GEP AN was approved by its scientific council. It basically consists of identifying initially unknown phenomena and perfonning a joint analysis of four I types of data concerning : - witnesses: physiology, psychology, etc., - testimonies : accounts, reactions to questions , general behavior, etc., I - the physical environment: weather, air traffic, photographs , radar data, traces left on the environment, etc., - the_psychosocial_environment: read ings and beliefs of witnesses , possible influence of I the media and various groups on these witnesses, etc. Gendarmerie reports often contain sufficient data in order to be able to identify the phenomenon sighted . In many cases, the phenomenon turns out to be an airplane , a I planet, a satellite, etc. In other cases, a fairly large supplemental investigation is conducted by GEP AN/SEPRA . An in-depth study can take up to two years. The analysis of traces left on the environment may result in specialized laooratories being called on for I assistance (see the Trans-en-Provence and "Amaranth ,, cases in Chapter 4). Finally research was conducted in collaboration with the universities in order to perfect the investigation method . CNES, out of a concern for scientific precision, adopted the term "UAP" instead of the term UFO, which is more well known but more restrictive . GEPAN is the group that studies UAPs . I 7.2 First Classification of UAPs (Unidentified Aerospace Phenomena) I After a study is conducted, each case is classified by GEPAN/SEPRA into one of the I following four categories, depending on the exte nt to which it has been identified: - Category A: completely identified phenomenon , - Category B: phenomenon that can probably be identified but which cannot be I identified with certainty due to a lack of evidence, - Category C: phenomenon that cannot be identified due to a lack of data , - Category D: phenomenon that cannot be identified despite the abundanc e and quality I of the data . Category D UAPs represe nt 4 to 5% of the case s and are called UAP Ds. They include sightings of phenomena , some of which were close to the ground1. within a few meters of the witne sses. The strangest and most mysterious cases in this category are generally I I

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I labeled CE3s (close encounters of the third kind) according to the classification proposed by Professor A. Hynek , an astronomer and consultant to the USAF, within the context of Ithe Blue Book Project (cf. Chapter 9.1 ). 7.3 Typology of UAP Ds I The detailed statistical analysis of UAP Ds enables a precise determination of the distribution of their physical characte ristics: speed, acceleration, silence, shape, effects on the environme nt. It is interesting to note that statistical studies in the USSR yielded I distributio ns comparable to those determined by Claude Poher, the first head of GEPAN, from some 200 French cases, or 1,000 cases worldwide . It would be desirable to be able to develop UAP D statistical studies in France. I 7.4 Investigations of Remarkable Cases I Around one hundred investigations ha ve been conducted by GEP AN/SEPRA. Some of them have highlighted rare physical atmospheric phenomena associate d, for example, with I lightning~ others have revealed unusual psychological behavior of witnesses caused, for example, by taking hallucinogenic drugs . Several very in-depth investigations based on analyses of evidence have demonstrated, in the end, the physical presence of a I phenomenon the nature and origin of which remain unknown. Two cases related in Chapter 4 stand out in our minds, the Tran s-en-Provence case of January 8, 1981, and the "Amaranth" case of October 2 1, I 982. The investigat ions lead us to believe that double I saucer-shaped objects were close to the ground for some time, then departed toward the sky leaving traces on the vegetation and, in the Trans-en-Provence case, on the ground itself. They are detailed in GEP AN technical memoranda no. 16 and no. 17 (see the I reference list in Chapter 6). I 7.5 Aeronau tical Cases 7.5.l Data on French Aeronautical Cases I - Twelve French aeronautical cases have been brought to the attent ion of GEP AN/SEPRA ~ only three or four of these can be considered to fall into category D. I- The first UAP D case identified dates back to 1951. It involved Vampire military I . aircraft in the Orange area. In two other very extraordinary sightings, which are presented in Chapter 1, military pilots reported the presence ofobjects with aeronautical perform ances inconsistent with the maneuvers ofclass ic aircraft over the region of Tours in 1976 and ofLuxeuil in 1977. However , not until January 28, 1994, was the crew of a regularly scheduled Air France commerc ial airplane able to collect the first case of a visual Isighting correlated with a radar detection over 50 seconds long (see Chapter 1.3). 7.5.2 Aeronautical UAP D Cases Worldwide I The aeronautical UAP D cases known since 1942 were initially enumerated in a document entitled Rencontres dans le cie/ {Encounters in the Sky], by Dominique IWeinstein, the French portion of which SEPRA contributed to. The list of sightings I I

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I I worldwide includes the description of 489 well-docume nted cases of aeronautical UAP D sightings the sources of which were duly verified. Most of the infonnation on these I aeronautical UAP Ds is drawn from official sources, government authorit ies, the Air Forces of different States, or agencies like SEPRA. This list offers a classification accordi ng to criteria with respect to the quality of the sighting. It ranges from simple visual sightings, describing the specific performances or maneuvers of the phenomenon observed ( speed, acceleration, maneuverability, silence, I etc .), to more elaborate sightings, mentioning environmental disturbances caused by the aero nautical UAP Ds, such as radio interference or radar jamming, navigation instrument malfunctions, or even physical effects on the crew (heat, blinding, etc.). I Between 1947 and 1969, that is(-) during the time of the U.S. Air Force Blue Book Project on UFOs, 363 sightings were identified. 1952 is the year in which the greatest number of sightings were recorded : 68. A total of 63 countries are cited as having been I the scene of at least one aeronautica l sighting. • I 7.5.3 "RadarN isual" Cases Worldwide I - "Rada r/visual" cases are those in which a visual sighting is associated with an onboard radar and/or ground rad ar detection. It is noted that: I - the first sightings in Japan and the USSR date back to 1948, - 30 of the 68 countries cited in the list reported "radar/visual" cases, - of the 489 cases in the report , 101 were "radar/visual" cases (21%), I of the 363 cases in the Blue Book report, 76 were "radar/visual" cases (2 1%), - in 1952, I 6 out of 68 cases were "radar/visual" cases (23 .52% ). In conclusion, we can clearly establish that from 1942 to 1995, at least 500 well I documented and recognized aeronautical UAP D sightings were identified throughout the world , nearly 20% ofwhich were "radar/visual" cases. They furnish proof of a physical reality of phenomena that exhibited paradoxical maneuvers. I 7.6 The Physical Reality of UAP Ds 7.6.1 An Initial Report as Early as September 1947 in the United States I We have seen that the work of GEPAN/SEPRA showed that there was an entire I category of rare physical phenomena occurring at varying frequency that could not be classified as known natu ral or artificial phenomena. These phenomena, UAP Ds, which we have higWighted, both in the aeronautical sphere (military and civilian aeronautical I cases) and close to the ground ( cases of close encounters), support other cases of well documented sightings that have been verified by official authorities throughout the wor ld. It is interesting to note that as early as November [sic] 1947, right at the start of the very I first wave of modem UFO sightings, in the United States, General Twining, head of the Air Material Command , drafted a report on "flying disks, " the conclusions of which are very explicit: I. The phenomenon reported is something real~ .and not visionary or fictitious I 2. Disk-shaped objects the size ofwhich is comparable to that ofour aircraft do exist. 3. It is possible that some sighting s correspond to natural phenomena . 4. The very high rate-of-climb observed, rhe maneuverability. and the escape I I

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I maneuvers when the disks are detected lead one to assume that they are piloted or operated by remote control. , , 5. Most witnesses describe objects with a metal surface that are circular or elliptica l in shape, the upper portion of which is dome shaped, flying without making any noise in a fonnation of three to nine objects ... I 7.6.2 GEPAN/SEPRA 's Work I We do not have irrefutable tangible proof in the forrn of material, either whole or in fragments , that confirm the physical nature of UAP Ds and their artifact character . I Nevert heless, the collection and expert appraisal work carried out at GEP AN/SEP RA for over 20 years confinns the statements Genera] Twining made in 1947. I 7.6.3 French Aeronautical Cases IThe study ofFrench military aeronautica l UAP D [sightings] (Orange in 1951, Tours in 1976, Luxeuil in 1977) supports Genera l Twining 's conclusions, namely the fourth one. The testimonies of the pilots do in fact lead one to assume that the objects were "either Ipiloted or operated by remote contro l": all of the pilots reported that it was "the object" that appeared to be moving toward them and not the other way around. Moreover, all of them considered the maneuvering abilities of the object to be far superior to tho se that Ithey were familiar with. I7.6.4 Cases of Close-Up UAP D Sightings in France For their part, the cases of close-up UAP D sightings in France are very much in Ikeeping with Twining's conclusio ns 4 and 5. In Trans-en-Provence (Chapte r 4), the expert appraisals made at the site support the local testimony and show that the object with a metallic appearance and circular shape landed , then took off silently within a very Ishort space of time not very far from a wall 2.5 min height. No modem aircraft is capable of the se silent maneuvers , nor of this degree of precision when landing. It is hard not to imagine a piloted or remote-controlled flying machine, or else one having highly advanced Icybernet ics. The other French cases of close encounters described in Chapter 4 also strongly suggest the existence of an intelligent [civilization] behind the UAP Os. In the Valensole, I"Amaranth " and Cussac cases , once the witness or witnesses are brought face to face with the UAP D, everyt hing generally happens very quickly, and the object escapes without having shown the slightest aggressiveness toward the witnesses . I 7.6.5 Foreign Cases - Conclusion I The study of certain foreign cases leads to conclusions similar to those drawn from the French cases. One may reread in this spirit the descript ion of the aeronautical cases presented in Chapter 2. We could also relate foreign cases of close encounters, such as I I I

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I the Socorro (New Mexico) case, which is similar to the Trans-en-Provence case, but the I critical overview of which would needlessly weigh down this report . One strong conclusion emerges from this set of facts: some UAP Ds do seem to be completely unknown flying machines with exceptional perf orrnances that are guided by a I natural or artificial intelligence. I Chapter 8 - UFOs: Hypotheses, Modeling Attempts 8.1 Partial Models I Credible sightings of aeriaJ objects can be reinforced by plausible technical explanations I - of the phenomena reported . Among the most striking observations in relation to the current state of our_knowledge, we cite: aerial movements canied out silently with very rapid accelerations and/or very high speeds, - the shutting off of the engines of nearby land vehicles, - the locomot ive paralysis of witnesses . Insofar as the sightings that are the most well documented , and the most credible owing to the obvious competence of the witnesses, come from aircraft pilots, it is their sightings of aerial movements, sightings which are, moreover , supported by radar plots, that should be explained first. I 8.1.l Travel I There are, from the standpoint of the concept, various principles of propulsion that do not require propellers or jet engines that could thus be silent. The most advanced uses I magnetohydrodynamics , abbreviated MHD, but many others can also be considered . We will review these. 8.1.1.1 MHD Propulsion I The principle of MHD propulsion, which cannot be envisioned in a vacuum, consists of I causing an electrical current to flow in the medium surrounding the .ship At the same time, the ship emits a magnetic field. According to Laplace' s law, this field exerts a force on the current and thus on the medium in which it is flowing; this is the principle of most electric motors . The medium being thus displaced in relation to the ship, it is in fact the latter that undergoes , by reaction, a force that enables it to be propelled . It remains to I create the necessary field and current: I - for the magnetic field, this is easily accomplished by installing windings (like those in electric motors}, in which a suitable electrical current travels, in or under the walls ofthe ship, I - for the electrical current, all depends on the medium. In sea water it is easy to cause a current to flow using electrodes positioned on the hull. This is why MHD propulsion has been experimented with, so far successfu lly, in the I United States and Japan on both surface and submarine ship models. In air, which is naturally insulating, it is more difficult to cause an electrica l current to flow, but air can be made conducting by using, for example, strong electric fields generated here again by suitable electrodes (air, when rendered conducting , can become more or less I I

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I luminous, which has frequently been observed around unknown object s). As for the magnetic field, it can be created as it is for boats.. However, propulsion is much more I· difficult to achieve in air, since, in that case1 it must not only propel the aircraft but first of all compensate for its weight. The electrical and magnetic fields required are therefore much stronger than for a _naval ship and, in practice , obtaining the very strong fields that Iare essential is scarcely conceivable without having recourse to superconductive wirings. Still theoretical until a only few years ago, their use in an aeria l vehicle has been a credible prospect since 1991, with the discovery of superco nductors capable of operating at near Iambient temperatures . Propulsion in the atmosphere without propellers or jet engines is, therefore, comp letely possible in principle with MHD, and the calculations show that the power necessary is not, Iin certain cases, incompatible with our current aeronaut ical engines. The fact that no cooling system has been seen (or heard) on the objects that have been observed close up can be explained as long as the length of the craft's flights does not. exceed a few dozen Iminutes. Furt hermore, other motor s that we already use - electric motor s, from energy stored on board or flywheels if they are not yet powerful enough - would not need immediate cooling , which duly proves that this problem is not insurmountable . INumerous witnesses have been struck by the silence accompan ying the maneuvers of the objects , which do not create a "bang" even at super sonic speeds ( cf. Part 1, Chapters 1, 2, and 3). :MHD propulsion could acco unt for this silence: preliminary experiments in I noise reduction by eliminating the wake and shock wave, albeit under very special conditions , are encou raging. There has been exte nsive work on the different aspects of MHD propulsion of aircraft I abroad : in the United States at Ren sselaer P olytechnic Institute in Troy (NY) , and according to the journal New Scienti st (February 1996), in Great Britain and in Russia. To sum up, based on the curren t state of our knowled ge, an MlID aircraft model is I conceivab le in the short term, while the creation of a craft having the same movement capabilities as the aerial vehicles described by the witnesses seems quite· likely to us within a few dozen years. For the time being, only the quas i absence of perceptible air flow and I noise while hovering close to the ground pose problems . I8.1.1.2 Other Propulsion Methods In a vacuum, the absence or scarci ty of molecules or atoms prevents curre nt flow in the Imedium as well as the projection of a mass of sufficient substance pulled from this medium. MlID propu lsion is therefore not possible, and it is necessary to formu late other hypotheses. Jet propulsion by means of chemical reactions, comparab le to our rocket Iengines - even though its performance is more advanced - should not be ruled out a priori. In fact,. the space phase of the trave l of unknown objects takes place very far from sight. IIn addition, skins for stealth purp oses rend er them invisible to telescopes and radars beyond a few lcilomete rs or a few dozen kilometers . Consequentl y, at these distances , these objects could very well use classic propul sion systems without being detected . IMainly, then , problems with respect to power consumption and mass to be expelled are raised, but the method reviewed below in 8.1.1.3 would enable these problems to be part ially solved. IMore advanced technolog ically are propulsion syste ms that call for very high velocity exhaust - a considerab le fraction of the speed of light - of particle beams. Due to the I I

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I extremely high exhaust velocity, the mass expelled is low and expulsion can be continued I for a very long time. Such particle beam generators that can be loaded on board satellites have been developed for space warfare in the former USSR (at the von Ardenne laborat ory in Soukhoumi, Georgia) and the United States , especially at the Argonne I National Labo ratory. At present, of course, these beam s are much less powerful than what would be necessary here, but they are already of interest as low-powe r engines once out of the pro ximity of planets. The U.S. probe "Deep Space 1,,, which should narrow ly I miss asteroid 1992 KD on July 29, 1999, was equipped with an engine of this type. Other methods of space propulsion are being studied very actively: nuclear propul sion using fission ("NERVA/' "ORION ," and "DAEDALUS ,, projects) and, more recently, I fusion, which would offer respective gains of one and over two orders of magnitude in compari son with the best engines at present. Beyond this, the use of power stored in the form of antimatter - which has become credible since CERN [Eu ropean Council for I Nuclear Research) created an anti hydrogen atom and demonstrated the means for storin g I it - will offer gains even one hundr ed times greater. This is why a grow ing number of research centers are doing work on this subject: the Jet Propulsion Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore Labor atory, the Air Force Astronauti cal I Laboratory (Edwa rds Air Force Base), where antigravitation is also being studied, according to the June 10, 1996 issue ofJane 's Defence Weekly. The latter topic is report edly also being pursued in Great Britain and in the CIS [Commonw ealth of Independent States]. I 8.1.1.3 Use of Planetary or Stellar Impulse I Closer to our current technologies, even though, strictly speaking, it does not have to do with propu lsion, the Jet Propul sion Laboratory imagined, in 1961, that a spacecraft . slingshotting off the potential [gravity] wells of suitably selected planets could attain higher I and higher speeds without expending any energy. This method is now routin ely used for missions to the remote planets in our [solar] system. One can then envision that by using "reflections,,, not only by planets but also by stars, as Dyson propo sed in 1963, I considerable speeds could be attained (limited only by escape velocities) and interste llar distances could be crossed using relatively little energy at the price, of course, of the time necessary for the departure and arrival slingshots I This method would lead to interstellar voyage lengths probably figuring in thousand s of years, thus with an order of magnitud e greater than lengths anticipated for the envisioned ant imatter propulsion. I 8.1.1.4 Conclusion Regard ing Travel I To sum up, for travel both in the atmosphere and in space, we can formulat e reasonab le hypotheses on flight without any apparent means of lift in the first case and on the crossi ng of great distances, up to an interst ellar scale, in the seco nd. I 8. 1.2 The Shutting Off of Land Vehicle Engines I To explajn this phenomenon , which has been reported frequently abroad , it is necessary to consider a r emote action. [Since] no beams of light appear to be associated with these engine , immobilizations we can imagine radio-freq uency radiation, such as microwave s, I I

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I which we know can cause effects of this type and which can be easily formed into beams to act from a distance . Under these conditions, microwave emissions from unknown Iobjects would be likely to create around the vehicle an electrical field stro ng enough to cause, when added to the ignition volt.~ •.?s, ionization and electrical breakdown of the air around the high voltage circuit of the engi1 l(ignition] coil, distributor, spark plug wire), thus Ishort-circuiting the firing pulses to the engine mass and shutting it off. Since electronic ignition came into widespread use in the 70s, the action of microwaves , apart from the mechanism previously described, may be exerted directly, paralyzing the Ielectronic circuit generating the high voltage. We can therefore envision the action of unknown objects on land vehicles, including nowadays those with diesel engines, which are made vulnerable due to their more and more common electronic regulation circuit. Let Ius recall that the ability to generate high power microwave beams is within the capabilities of our own technologies , as demonstrated by the intensive work being carried out in the United States and the former USSR to develop microwave weapons intended precisely to Idest roy or immobilize enemy electronic systems from a distance, and even to act on pers o;1nel. In France, high power microwave generators that can be used for this purpose are being studied . IThis does not rule out the possibility of other types of radiation being used. Charged particle beams would be capable of analogous effects, passing through, if neces sary, living matter , such as the bodies of some witnesses, without being felt by the latter or leaving I any notable or lasting sequels.. This can be illustrated by the beams of accelerators used in proton therapy, which begin by passing through tissue without causing too much damage and becoming destructi ve only I when their energy falls below a certain threshold as a result of their penetration . This mode of action corresponds , moreover , to certain testimonies that report the observation of beams oflight passing through physical obstacles; in fact, by ionizing the I air, proton beams generally do become visible in the form of truncated beams of light the length ofwhich is a function of their initial energy . I8.1.3 Locomotive Paralysis of Some Witnesses This phenomenon i s less common . It is remarkable in that the paralysis reported only Iaffect certain voluntary movements , but not respiration or posture (balance , in particular , is not compromised ; the witnesses do not fall down) or eye movements . From the standpoint of concepts , it can be remarked that in human beings posture and respiration I are controlled by the cerebellum, an organ that is independent of the cerebrum, which governs voluntary movements . The paralysis effects observed can reasonably be attributed to microwaves acting from a distance on certain parts of the human body (this is Ialso one of the objectives of the work mentioned above on nucrowave weapons) . We should note that these effects, among others , are being studied at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory at Kirtland AFB. I 8.2 Modeling and Credibility I The fact that we can formulate a credible hypothesis on the propulsion of the objects sighted is obviously only a positive indication , but not proof of their existence, no more than that of their conformity to the model that we imagine. I In this regard , the history of the technique teaches hunulity, but it can also yield quasi I I

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I certaint ies: I - humility in noting prognostic errors committed in the past. It suffices to recall the affirmations made by or attributed to seve ral very great scientists : "You cannot breath in tunnels, " "science is almost finished, " "something heavier than air cannot fly, " etc. It I would therefore be presumptuous to claim to foresee , based on _ our current knowledge and accomplishments what might be technologies (-----) only slightly more advanced than our own - or our own technologies in one or two centuries. Let us consider that only 150 I years ago, engines , electricity, the existence of the atom, and Hertzian waves were unknown! We can also reread Jules Verne : Paris au XXesiecle [Paris in the 20th Century} or Hier et demain {Yesterday and Tomorrow}. .. I - certainties, since scientific and technical progress can only continue, supported by I more scientists and engineers than there have ever been, spurred by competition among nations . This competit ion, in our now "closed" world will focus on all of the resources that once were free: potable water, the deep sea, the polar regions, "air, space, radio I frequ encies, etc. Although it is risky to predict the results of an increasingly accelerated scientific and technical development , it is, at least, almost certain that our own knowledge will have I advanced greatly even within a few decades. There's no telling what progress will be made beyond that time! Under these circumstances , we can conclude with a high degree of certainty that movements of objects that at present are just beyond our capabilities will I be technically possible within a few decades, or even a few centuries , even if the knowledge put into play is not what we are predicting . To the extent that the preceding conclusion is acceptable , let us go further and I comment that only a few million years will have elapsed (barring a catastrophe) between the appearance of man and the future stellar expeditions of our descendants ( cf. Chapter 8.3.6 and Appendix 4). I This interval between the appearance on earth of a conscious intelligence and the time when we will be able to perform the same feats as those performed by the objects we are dealing with here is infinitesimal (one to two thou sand years) compared with the age of the I earth or even with the 600 million years that separate us from the appearance of the first living organisms at the beginning of the Cambrian period . But the development of other intelligent [beings] on other worlds cannot have taken I place at exactly the same rate as on earth . Ifthe age of these other worlds, like that of the earth, is on the order of 4 billion years, and ifa conscious life [form] appeared, neither the I rate of its developm ent nor the epoch in which that world was created cannot have been exactly the same as ours . Under these condit ions, even a minuscule deviation of 0. 1%, for examp le, in regard to I these initial data would make it possible to place such a civilization between severa l million years ahead of ours and severa l million years behind ours . Thus the probability of the extent of development of two civilizations in the universe , I and in the same solar system , being equa l appear s to be very low, and in all likelihood we have only two possibilities : - our "neighbor s" are severa l thousand or severa l million years behind us (or do not yet I exist as a consciou s species), and it will be we who discove r them, - our neighbors are ahead of us, but then the probability is that this advance figures in the thousands of years or more , rather than in years or even hundreds ofyears , and if we can judge from the rate of our own development , their level of development would certainly exceed our foreca sting capabilities in every domain . I I

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I 8.3 UFOs - Overall Hypotheses I For several dozens of years, the systematic collection and scientific study of unusual atmospheric phenom ena have permitted a number of major advances. Of course, on analysis, a good proportion of the sightings have proven completely explicable: satellite , I re-entries sounding balloons, etc. This has furthermore enabled the precision of the observers, as well as the verac ity and consistency of the testimonies, to be tested. Cases of hoaxes are, on the whole, very rare and quite easy to detect . The majority of the I observers provide reliable reports, although it is necessary to take into account the problems of diverse assessments. Most ofthe sightings of all types have also enabled the credible and well-documented .I sightings called UAP Ds (category D unidentified aerospace phenomena)l for which no explanation has been found .i..to be classified separat ely. However, these phenomena are often attested by means of cons istent testimonies all the way up to visual sightings coupled I with radar sightings. Of course , if there had only been ten or so UAP D [sightings], this ambiguous file could just have been classified as "no action," but we are no longer at that point and are far beyond that. Thus we are forced to seek plausible explanations. AJI sorts of hypotheses have been constructed, and they may be classified as follows: -I 8.3.1 Non Scientific Hypotheses "We are being manipulat ed without realizing it " (by a very secret, very powerful, and I very knowledgeable group of people; by strange, unknown , or even extraterrestrial beings; by spirits; by the devil; by our psychological fantasies; etc.) . Obviously, we cannot say a priori whether these hypotheses are true or false [since] they cannot be proven; their main I drawba ck is that they aren't much goo d to us. Parapsychological phenomena and collective hallucinations should be classified in this category . I The same is true of the idea that is sometimes expressed that the futuristic craft _sighted are actually products of the future activity of humanity. Our descendant s of the distant [future], who have found the way to go back in time, come to observe us ... I It is obviously classic to try to reconstruct and observe the past via any of the trace s that it leaves, and one could theoretically observe it directly (for example, by discovering a well-oriented mirror on a planet l ocated a few light years away). It is, how ever, out of the I question for such an observat ion to be able to influence a bygo ne time in any way, even by being detectable . I 8.3.2 Secret Weapons of a Superpower UAP Ds would then be piloted or remote-co ntrolled craft of terrestrial origin. There is no lack of observers to believe that the object with fantastic performances that they saw maneuvering in the sky is the state of the art of military progre ss, which would explain the secrecy in which they are cloaked. Certainly studies such as those regarding the stealth aircraft or magnetohydrodynamics actua lly lead to impressive progress . But besides the fact that it would be extremely unwise to expose to the eyes of laymen and foreign experts I in this way what there has been so much interest in concealing, it can be added toda y that I I

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I I throughout the decades during which these phenomena have occu rred, the secret would have inevitably come out, especially if the political upheavals of recent years are taken into account. I 8.3.3 Disinformation Attempts I Into this category fall special effects and montages, which are generally accompanied by a lot of media publicity. Some researche rs believe that without necessarily lending themselves to the manufactur e of ultramodern weapons, the performa nces of high-tech I craft might serve to brainwash public opinion in the same way as other propaganda techniques . Of course, th.is point of view is a direct resu lt of the cold war period. Any means were good at that time for destabilizing the other camp, including fear of an invasion by extraterrestrials or the instilling of doubt about leaders "who hide something I manifestly very: serious fro m us. " This type of hypothesis is even less satisfying than the preceding ones because it runs up against the objections to each of those. I 8.3.4 Holographic Images I At the junction betwe en disinformation attempts and extraterrestrial hypotheses lies the I technique of holographic images, whether they be the work of a superpower or extraterrestria l crews . In actual fact, th.is technique is difficult to employ. It requires considerable preparation because air is very transparent and diffuses light only very poorly . I Therefore it is necessary to have large equipment covering the optical field used or at least to project an appropriate screen on it, for example, a film ofwater. The first method corresponds to theoretical holographic images, while the second is I simpler and is frequently used for spectacular effects, but it obviously leaves traces behind ... We can also envision using clouds or a curtain of rain, but this, of course, poses multiple haza rds. Without necessari ly being able to judge them at present, the method of holographic images and associated methods have only very limited use. I 8.3.5 Unknown Natural Phenomena This hypothesis canno t be ruled out completely and must therefor e be cited. However , I it is difficult to support in cases where the UFO sighted behaves in an apparently intelligent manner (approach, pursuit, evasion , and escape maneuvers, etc.). I 8.3.6 Extraterrestrial Hypotheses A large number of people today are convinced that UFOs are piloted by intelligent I beings who have come from a very remote part of the universe and are tasked with watching us and even initiating contact with us. As appealing as they may be, these hypothese s run up against all sorts of huge difficulties. The hypothetical Martians only I rece ntly disappeared from the realm of possibility, and apart from eart h, the solar system appears to be totally unable to have produced organized life and even more unable to have prod uced an advanced civilization. It is therefore necessary to look farther, to the stars , I but the closest star is already one hundred million times further away than the moon . The only contacts that we may try to establish from such distance s at present are radio I I

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- - - - -- ---- - - - I contacts . Astronomers have attempted contacts via message transmission and radio listening in the "SETI" and "MEGASETI " programs. Although some enthusiasts have Isuggested futurist ic ideas to "bypass" the vast expanse, such as, for example, the use of "black holes," the crossing of interstellar distances by possible extraterrestrials has elicited much skepticism and the majority of astronomers reiterate that "to date there has been no IUFO case that is sufficiently well establish ed to imply that it came from an extra terrestrial civilization. " Two professional astro nomers, Jean-Claude R.ibes and Guy Monnet, have, however, Iproposed a scenario in our future in space that includes plausible interstellar voyages. In this scenario, which is summarized in Appendix 4, they envision the establishment oflarge communities in verdant "islands in space, " enonno us art ificial struct ures orbiting the Iearth, as described by the physicist O 'Neill, and even inside large astero ids, where an abundance of different mc;1terials, including water and oxygen, as well as .ready protect ion against meteorites and cosmic radiation, are found. Later on, when our descendants have Imastered the production , storag e and use of antimatter as energy, they will utilize it to propel some of their habitats to anoth er solar system. They will settle in an asteroid belt, start families there, and then visit the planets of the receiving system aboard craft that are I perceived by any possible nati ves the same way we perceive UFOs today. This scenario, which in essence relies onJy on laws of physics that are currently well accepted, gives the extraterrestrial hypothesis a certain degree of plausibility; it is possible I to imagine that a civilization that came from somewhere else colonized the region of our asteroid belt and used it as a staging base to o ur planet. Curre nt progress in the conquest of space and physics reinforces this idea. I We should point out that some people envisage another hypothesis, which is very controversial: the UFOs do belong to a civilization located in the asteroid belt, but this civilization itself comes from our planet. Older than any known terr estrial civilizations and I highJy advanced , it supposedly disappeared from earth (nuclear war, radioactivity, pollution; etc.) but resettled in the solar system. Both hypotheses have to their credit the fact that they place the UFO problem outside I the realm of the paranormal and promote thought about the future of our planet. I Chapter 9 - Organization of the Research Abroad I 9.1 Organization of the Research in the United States The subject of UFOs is presently very popular in the United States. This is evidenced I by the number and su~cess of fiction films such as Independe nce Day, Men in Black, and Conta ct, which deal with this topic . A survey conducted in June 1997 for Time magazine showed that near ly one American in four believes that an extraterrestrial craft crashed at I Roswell (New Mexico) at the beginning of July 1947. A professor of psychiatry at Harv ard, Dr. Mack , treats the problem of the temporary abduction , whether real or imagined, of his fellow cou ntrymen by UFOs very seriously. In view of the public's I expectat ions, what are the authoriti es doing? They deny that the UFO phenomenon poses a threat to national security, or that it is evidence of an extraterrestrial origin. This position has been taken almost continuously by I the Air Force, which was tasked with the study of UFOs from 1948 to 1969 within the I I

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I I framework of a project which bore the overall title Blue Book. It was confirmed in the summary and conclusions of the university commission in charge of evaluating the Blue I Book [Project] , the Condon ComITllssion. The physicist Condon wrote in his conclusions that the study of UFOs had little chance of advancing science. All official studies thus came to a halt in the United States as of December 1969, and the Air Force referred those I who were curious to private ufological associations. Although it was endorsed by the Academy of Sciences, the Condon report was harshly criticized by numerous scientists, particularly at the powerful AIAA (American Institute of I Aeronautics and Astronautics). The latter justly pointed out that the summary and conclusions of the report , which were drafted by Professor Condon himself, conflicted with a number of analyses Wlthin its body. The AIAA recommended moderate, but I continuous scientific work on UFOs. An amendment to the Freedom oflnformation Act (FOIA) passed in 1974 pennitted declassified official documents on UFOs to be obtained as of 1976. One ofthese, in particular, attracted attention . It was a letter from Air Force Brigadier General Bolender from October 1969 stating that the imminent conclusion of the Blue Book Project would 1. not put an end to military reports concerning UFOs that constituted a threat to national security. These were not part of the Blue Book system and would continue, as in the past, to be handled in accordance with the directive JANAP 146 and Air Force Manual 55-11. I I "As regards authenticity, only negative conclusions are definitive" I By Fran~ois Louange , Chief Executive Officer of Fleximage Companv I Among the investigations conducted on the subject of UFOs, photograph analysis represents one of the more delicate areas. In fact, in the public's eyes, photographs I constitute indisputable proof par excellence of the existence of the phenomenon, which gives them a very special emotional factor. But photography is in reality a field where one still finds many errors and hoaxes, because many natural or technical effects can give rise to surprising documents : it is becoming easier and easier for a specialist who has computer I equipment to produce a doctored negative that stands up well to investigations. This can sometimes even prove lucrative. I Moreover, experience shows that most of the negatives that stand up to analysis contain only extremely poor and unusable information, often limited to a saturated bright spot on a black background or vice versa, which makes this area of investigation relatively I disappointing . For about forty years, alleged photograph s of UFOs, which are sometimes renowned in ufological circles, have occasionally been the subject of expert appraisals on the part of I specialists interested in this topic. The physical and technical fields that come into play are quite varied, ranging from atmospheric propagation to photography or video and including digital image processing. I The analysis of a photographic document or video is broken down into two steps: 1 - Establishing or disproving authenticity , uncovering hoaxes, fake maneuvers or parasitic phenomena that could have affected the photographing equipment or the original data storage medium (film, video cassette). This concept of authenticity is furthermore complet ely relative, because only negative conclusions are definitive and in the best of I I

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I cases a document can stand up to analyses at any given moment. 2 - With respect to a document deemed to be authentic, extracting the maximum amount of information permitting a known phenomenon to be identified or a phenomenon I that is a priori inexplicable to be characterized (size, position, speed, albedo, energy emitted, etc.). This phenomenon will then be compared with other unexplained Iphenomena in order to draw possible parallels. It is important to emphasize that the photographic as well as the video documents available come only from fortuitous witnesses~ there are very few opportunities for Isignificant data to be exploited by reason of simple statistical considerations : the chances of being witness to a rare phenomenon, the likelihood of having [camera] equipment in hand ready to use, the probability of being able to make the proper adjustments and calmly Itake professional quality photographs, etc . In any case, it seems reasonable to limit in-depth investigations to. cases in which the following two conditions are met: II - The original document (negative, slide, video cassette, etc.) is available. 2. -There is at least one other independent source of information (visual testimony or another sensing device). Trick of the eye: lens-shaped clouds I I I[Photo] Central bulge, broad and narrow disk, this is the definition oflenticular galaxies. It is also the definition of a type of cloud , cirrocumu lus lenticularis, which forms above 7000 m 1· altitude and up to the limits of the troposphere . Their very specific shape is due to factors such as pressure, temperature , turbulence, and very strong winds. But this shape is definitely open to every interpretation for those who wish to see it as a flying saucer ... I IWhen military craft play UFOs I I [Photo] ILeft: Photo graphed in 1989 offshore from Los Angeles, this unpiloted surveillance unit is a I I I

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I Canadair CL-227 Sea Sentinel military drone . I Right: This Sikorsky "Cypher" surveillance drone is used by the U.S. Anny in urban conflict I situations. I JANAP (Joint Anny, Navy, Air Force Publication) 146 applies to military personnel but also to some civilians (flight captains of commercial aircraft, merchant marine captains) in the United States and Canada. It stipulates that an urgent report should be filed with I certain authorities , which must in turn file a report , namely with the Air Operations Command (now NORAD [North American Air Defense]) in Colorado Springs, when objects requiring very urgent defensive action and/or an investigation by the armed forces I I of the United States or Canada are sighted . . Among these objects, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objeqts) are listed along with missiles and hostile or unidentified submarines, etc. Disclosure of the contents of these reports is subject to the penalties of the laws cracking down on espionage. JANAP 146 was in effect in recent years and perhaps is still in force. This regulation may explain the frequent I reticence of American military personnel , aviators in particular, to bring up the subject of UFOs. The members of American ufological associations number several thousand. These associations attempt to fill the gap left by the public authorities in the field of"UFO" studies. The FOIA brought them a resurgence of activity, showing them that contrary to I their statements, the Air Force and various special departments, namely the CIA, are very I much interested in the subject of UFOs and have been for some time. It pennitted them to learn of certain spectacular cases, such as the overflight of missile bases in 197 5, or the 1976 Tehran incident related in Chapter 2. DIA deemed this a "radar/visual" case: "A I classic case that meets all the conditions required for a legitimate study ofthe UFO phenomenon. " In recent years, the three main ufological associations have been brought together by a leading U.S. personality, Marie Galbraith, to conduct a joint study. She is the wife of Evan Griffith Galbraith, who was U.S. ambassador to France from 1981 to 1985. Thus I she is well-acquainted with our country and our language , since she lived on A venue Gabriel. Supported both morally and financially by Laurance Rockefeller, brother of the famous David Rockefeller, she traveled the world to meet the principal scientists I interested in UFOs and to collect the best cases. She then oversaw the drafting of a clear and documented book entitled Unidentified Flying Objects, Briefing Document, the best available ·evidence, which was endorsed in I 1995 by the chairmen of the three associations CUFOS [Center for UFO Research] , FUFOR [Fund for UFO Research], and MUFON [Mutual UFO Network]. She had this work sent to more than a thousand prominent figures throughout the world and, namely, I to a large number of U.S. congressmen . Her goal is to get the U.S. government and possibly other governments to end the secrecy surrounding UFOs. For the editors of the book, this secrecy is essentially military in origin: the nation that is first to reproduce the I except ional characteristics of UFOs will dominate the world . The secrecy was justified during the cold war, but it is no longer justified now given the scientific and technical breakthroughs useful to humanity that one can expect [ to obtain] from the study of UFOs. I On the whole, Marie Galbraith's book is descriptive. It does not interpret the phenomena sighted (physical modeling or hypotheses regarding the origin of the objects) . Such was also the spirit of the international scientific colloquium organized in September I I

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1997 by Laurance Rockefeller at Pocantico, near West Point, on the propert y of the Rockefeller Bros . Fund. Moderated by astrophysicist Peter Sturrock, this colloquium focused on physical evidence concerning UFOs. Specialists on radar, the biological effects of microwaves, photography , etc ., who often were not very familiar with the UFO problem, formed a scientific council there that judged the papers presented by the UFO researchers . French participation was quite noteworth y; it consisted of the head of SEPRA and two members of the scientific council. A summary document expressed the desire that many countries have a UFO research organization comparable to that of France Colonel Corso's theory In July 1997, for the fiftieth anniversary of the Roswell incident, an astonishing book entitled The Day After Roswell was published. It was written by Colonel Corso, who from 1953 to 1957 was the military member of the Nationa l Security Council Staff and thus was in constant contact with President Eisenhower. The foreward of this book was written by Strom Thurmond , the current chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, who, already a member of this committee, appointed Corso as congressiona l attache when he left the Army in 1963. The author states that the object found at Roswell was indeed an extraterrestrial vessef He reportedly saw for himself, in July 1947, the cadaver of one of the occupants preserved in a glass coffin. From 1961-1962, as chief of foreign technology in the Anny R & D Department , he appa rently was tasked with discretely allowing U.S. industry to benefit from the extremely high-tech objects found in the wreckage (according to him: printed circuits, a laser, light intensifier, etc.). Colonel Corso affirms that high-ranking military officers and some U.S. congressmen know about the existence of extraterrestrial craft in our skies. They have concealed it from the public to avoid panics, but full disclosures are going to be able to be made, becau se the United States, which has been striving to do this for 50 years, reportedly now has the means to counter a possible UFO attack . Some of these claims are surprising at the very least, but the entire contents of the book cannot be easily dismissed when one considers the remarkable career of its aut hor and Senator Thurmond 's tribute to him. It is true that the latter requested that his fforeward not appea r in reprints of the book, a request that was granted. The autho r allegedly had not told him that the book was about UFOs ... But it is difficult to believe that the foreward writer, the third in line in the U.S. Government to succeed the President, and the publisher, Simon & Schuster , were not acting with full knowledge of the facts at the time of the first printing. As soon as the book came out, the U.S. Air Force published a second report on Roswe ll again denying the plausibility of the hypot hesis of the crash of an extraterre strial craft. The first report , which was published in 1994, was presented as the first official study on UFOs since the end of the Blue Book [Project) in 1969 (see "Roswell and Disinformation" in Append ix [5]). This react ion is not incompatible with Colonel Corso 's theories; it may be intended to reassure tho se whom Corso 's revelations might worry . 9.2 Organization of the Research in the United Kingdom Great Britain has been the scene of several remarkable cases. We presented the Lakenh eath "radar /visual" case (1956) in Chapter 2. The RAF and the Ministry in charge of it therefore became interested in UFOs very early on, but we do not possess muc h I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

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I information on their work. Since its creation in 1964, the British Ministry of Defence I (MOD) has had a UFO study unit, whose [designator] abbreviation Sec(AS)2a stands for I Department 2a ofthe Secretariat (Air Staff) division. Its activity was recently described by Nick Pope, who was its head from 1991 to 1994, in a book written in a very lively style , Open Skies, Closed Minds. I This department receives telephone calls or letters from witnesses , but more generally reports prepared from the depositions of these witnesses taken at police stations, airports or RAF bases. It conducts classic investigations if it deems them useful. They then I question radar stations or weather stations, the RAF space object surveillance base at Flyingdales, other RAF bases, the Greenwich Observatory , etc . Its unique mission-is to determine whether the reports are of interest for defense purposes ("area of defence significance"). I Nick Pope, who is currently a MOD career employee, has broken new ground in I comparison with his predecessors . He has given interviews to the press and participated in television programs. He has cooperated with the ufological associations, giving their address and phone number I· to witnesses who have written to him. In his letter s of response he admitted that a small proportion of UFO sightings defied exp lanation and that the MOD was keeping its mind open regarding these. His predecessors wrote: "If we had sufficient data, all of the cases I could undoubtedly be explained " In his book, Nick Pope evokes various hypotheses to explain certain unidentified cases that were the subject of credible and detailed report s. He strongly favors the extraterrestrial hypothesis and expresses the desire that his ministry take seriously the potential threat that UFOs represent in his eyes. Is there a department that is further developed than his (where he is alone) in the I Ministry of Defence that would conduct secret studies on the UFO phenomenon? His statements on the subject are contradictory (pp. 129 and 181 ). Ralph Noyes, who was one of Nick Pope's predecessors from 1969 to 1972 and ended his career at MOD in 1977 I as Undersecretary of State for Defence, considers the existence of such a department likely. Lord Hill-Norton , Admiral of the Fleet, who was Chief of Defence Staff from 1971 to 1973, shares this opinion. This information is found in a book the foreword to which I was written by Lord Hill-Norton himself (Above Top Secret, by Timothy Good). Admiral Hill-Norton was among some thirty iords active in a House of Lords group studying UFOs in the 1980s. If this secret study department does exist, it can be presumed that it works I in collaboration with the United States (Above Top Secret, pp. 48-49) . 9.3 Organization of the Research in Russia I I The Academy of Sciences of the USSR has conducted studies on UFOs since 1979 at least. During that time, Vladimir Migouline, a member of this academy, expressed his opinion in La Recherche regarding the sightings made in the Soviet Union of luminous I phenomena and unu sual objects: "The vast majority ofthese sightings correspond to real phenomena just about the same as those sighted in other countries. But there is no indisputable proof that some ofthem involve technological manifestations ofa highly I developed civilization. It is also necessary to try to connect them with atmospheric phenomena," he said. This is the goal that his assistant Platov aimed for in a work published in 1992, UFOs and Modem Scien ce. At that time, Migouline and Platov, heads of the expert's group on abnormal phenomena in the Academy of Sciences, proposed a scientific and technical I I

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I cooperation program to SEPRA, but the CNES management did not follow-up on the offer. It should be noted that in the Siberian section of the Academy of Sciences, the Istudies, which are less well known in the West, do not rule out the extraterrestrial hypotheses, and even favor it. During "Glasnost," information was disseminated on the studies being conduc ted by Iboth the KGB and by the military. In 1991, the KGB declassified 124 pages of documents from Cases ofSightings ofAbnormal Events over USSR Territory, /982-1990 , which covered a total of 17 regions. One of these cases, which we detailed in Chapter 3, Iconcerns the extraordinary aerial maneuvers of three bright disks over an Army missile base near Astrakhan in 1989. The objects, which were sighted by seven military members, went from hovering to high speed and back again all without making any noise. When it was approached by a Soviet fighter jet, one object escaped so quickly that it seemed to leave the fighter jet standing still in its tracks . In 1994, Colonel Boris Sokolov sold ABC News a collection of investigations conducted by military personnel from 1978 to 1988. Earlier, in 1990, the newspaper Rabochaya Tribuna had published an article by Aviation General Maltsev, who commanded the territorial air defense, concerning a well-documented visual/radar case Iwith multiple witnesses (Pereslav-Zalesski , the night ofMarch 21, 1990) in which a silent discoid object went from hovering to a speed two or three times faster than that of a modem fighter jet. We described th.is case in Chapter 2. I PART3 I UFOs and Defense I· To date, a UFO has not been the certain cause of any accident or a fortiori any hostile act, at least officially; no UFO threat has materialized in France, although intimidation Imaneuvers have been confirmed (Chapters 1.1, 2.1, and 2.3). However, numerous manifestations observed by reliable witnesses could be the work of craft of extraterrestrial origin. Indeed, if it were a question of terr estrial craft , these could only be American and, Idespite all precautions taken to maintain secrecy, this would be known . The first prototype stealth aircraft flew at the end of 1977; the existence of stealth aircraft became known about ten years later, in 1988. But credible, confirmed UFO sightings began in I· 1944. Certainly, this subject still sometimes elicits amused skepticism, if not a certa in mistrust Iwith regard to those who mention it serio usly, but in the absence of explanations for the phenomena sighted, the hypothesis of an extraterrestrial origin can no longer be ruled out . In this third part, we set out to study, from a strategic , scientific , political, religious, and Imedia standpoint , the consequences of this hypothesis based on present scientific knowledge . I Chapter 10 - Strategic Planning The definition of a strategy toward an "adversary" requires that one know the I I I

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I I adversary, understand his intentions, and ascertain his modes of action. In the case in question, we can onJy advance hypotheses formulated on the basis of the facts observed and their interpretation, while trying to answer three questions: Who are they? What are their intentions? Are they seeking to make contact or have they already done so? I 10.1 What Extraterrestrials? Who Are They and What Are They Like? I A relative consistency emerges from the numerous descriptions ofthe phenomena: saucer, luminous sphere or cylinder, hovering followed by accelerations at lightning speed, the absence of noise, easily supersonic speed with no sonic boom, associated I electromagnetic effects that interfere with the operation of nearby radio or electrical apparatus. Obviously, these extraterrestrials are highly endowed intellectually and are technolo gically advanced over us to have been able to achieve what we do not yet know I how to do. But the rest remains a mystery! Morphology~ physical make-up, type of life, I manner of communication and form of society, sense of values, concept chime, motivation s, etc. If they are observing us, it is necessary to note an apparent contradiction between the interest that they show in us and their furtiveness. Rather than observe us, it I seems that they want to show themselves to us and to gradually acclimate us to the idea of their existence. 10.2 What Intentions and What Strategy Can We Deduce from Their Behavior? I Extrapolation pased on a rational analysis of the objectives that the extraterrestrial civilization or civilizations could be pursuing should permit us to get an idea of the strategies that they are implementing and should consequently lead us, in response, to I deduce the broad lines of what our own strategies might be. UFOs have manifested themselves in many places throughout the world in recent decades , with surprising peaks between 1952 and 1954, without our being able to deduce a well-defined course of action. I What are they seeking? After the observation phase and the phase of demonstrating that they exist, it would seem logical to us for them to be seeking to leave their mark and impose their will on the I States of the earth, but at present , nothing allows us to deduce from their manifestatio ns the existence of a driving desire serving purposes that we are presently unable to discern . I It is plausible that preferred contacts can be attributed to the United States. But nothing contradicts the possible establishment of other contacts with some European countries or I even with Russia, China, or Japan, [or] others perhaps ... However , it seems difficult to imagine that they could _have been able to position themselves on earth with the complicity of certain States . Moreover , the hypotheses of contacts do not enable us to deduce the I existence of some status quo with these visitors . Actually, the sporadic manifestations of UFOs and even the occurrence of repeated waves [of sightings] have continued since 1947. One would have every right to think that these visitors - fortified by their I superiority - are showing their intention to continue to make themselves known in the most diverse location s on the planet and to continue to carry out their plans, the aims and means of which still escape us. It could be that, before I 94 7 and after, they have had fears for the future of earth , a future threatened by risks of nuclear war. Their influences have been able to be accompanied by appropriate demonstrations : I - overflights of nuclear missile bases, an example ofwhich is given in Chapter 3, - intimidation maneuvers against aircraft as in Luxeuil and Tehran (Chapters 1.1 and I I

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I 2.3), - witnesses paralyzed, engines shutting off, lights going out (San Carlos de Bariloche, Chapter 2.5). I The advances that have been made in the conquest of space and in the development of nuclear technology could be troubling them. Wouldn't it be logical to think that these Iextraterrestrial civilizations have established stations, even colonies, in the astero id belt and why not relay stat ions on the moon? Our forays and projects studied in the United States for modifying the orbits of asteroids using H bombs in order to bring them closer to Ithe earth's orbit for mining purposes could be disturbing them . For the moment, they do not appear to be meddling in our affairs, but it is advisable to ask ourselves what they are actually seeking. Do they want to invade earth? To preserve it from nuclear self I. destruction? To learn about and preserve the patrimony that our civilizations have c reated over the span of centuries? In view of these uncertainties concerni ng their intentions, we can't tell what the future holds and, in particu lar, we.cannot consider that they will Icontinue not to intervene . Some of their undertakings in regard to us might, therefor e, not be innocent in the long term. Perhaps they don 't have any need for our sensibilities or the politics ofStates? 10.3 Repercussions of UFO Manifestations 01• the Official and Unofficial Conduct of States ' I- The repercussions have been varied in scope . Based on what can be learned of the reactions of States, it is permissible under our hypot hesis to classify them as: Ia) States that have no knowledge of extraterrestrial phenomena_ or believe they are not concerned. b) Stat es that know of extraterrestrial phenomena but have no means to investigate Ithem, c) States that know of extraterrestrial phenomena and have the means to investigate them, Id) States that have entered into contact with one or more extraterrestrial civilizations and that have established relations and/or entered into political, scientific, and technical collaboration. I 10.4 Have Contacts Possibly Been Made with One or More States? Individuals claim to have been contacted for the purpo se of studies or with a view to I establishing relations between one intelligent life form and another . Can we imagine direct and continuous contacts at the highest level of one or more States, particularly the United States? It is true that t he position of that country has been among the strangest since the I wave [of sightings] in June 194 7, followed by the Roswe ll affair in July 194 7 ( cf Append ix 5). If the Americans were able on that occas ion or on other occas ions to collect at least debris or entire w reckage of extraterrestria l vessels in fairly goo d condition, and I eve n cadave rs of humanoids, a certain t ype of contact would then have been established . First statements and reactions are often cons idered to be more probative than subsequent affirmations . Thus immediate ly following what would later become the I Roswell affair, General Twining was tasked with preparing a secret repo rt on "flying disks, •• the existence of which was not revealed until 22 years later in the Condon repo rt. IIt emerges from this that these objects truly do exist. But since then the United States has followed a policy of increasing secrecy ( classification above "top secre t " of certain UFO I I

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I files, according to General Bany Goldwater) and constant disinformation . The strange I conclusions of the Condon report are just one case in point. Why would , and how could , I such an important secret be kept all the way up to the present, despite everything? The simplest response would be that the United States wants to maintain at any cost military technological superiority over rival countries and, perhaps, a preferential contact. I This policy of secrecy and disinformation could have been dictated by an understandable concern for not creating panic reactions or irrational crazes among the public, or the concern at the time for protecting the country against actions by the USSR, or else, in a more prosaic and political fashion, not appearing in the eyes of voters to be incapable of providing convincing explanation s regarding these phenomena . No doubt it I would not do to undennin e the prestige of the armed forces, which was incapable of interdicting these violations of air space, and invite attacks against the military budgets on the part ofpolitical opponents . Anything is conceivable, even the fear of seeing various I government agencies accused of having lied at one time or another. Whatever the case, it is symptomatic and illustrative to note that since 1953, the United I States has equipped itself with an impressive repressive arsenal, which is still in force, it seems . In particular, they enacted two military regulations , AFR (Air Force Regulation) 200-2 and JANAP (Joint Anny Navy Air Forc e Publication) 146, the first prohibiting the I public disclosure ofinformation relating to sightings of unidentified objects and the second making the unauth orized disclosure of a UFO sighting by the witness an infraction punishable by 10 years in prison and a $ I0,000 fine. The JAN AP regulation applies to I military personne l, but also to commercial airline pilots and captains in the merchant manne . I 10.5 What Measures Must We Take From Now On? I Whether or not UFOs are extraterrest rial in origin, the UFO phenomenon is already with us and, at any rate, requires critical vigilance on our part. In particular, the phenomenon involves risks of destabilizing manipulations from a media, psychological, I cultural, and religious standpoint: panic fear, world wars, psychoses created by sects or lobbies, etc. These appreciable risks of cosmic fear, as well as the discovery and no doubt conquest ofthe cosmos that is to come, henceforth justify, on the part of the political, I scientific, and intellectual elite, a certain degree ofcosmic vigilance calculated to prevent any shocking surprise, erroneous interpretation , and malicious or unhealthy manipulation . I Without a doubt , measures must be contemplated on the national and international I levels. Specifically, whatever the givens are with respect to American political problems, and in the face of a posture of ongoing secrecy, how can we conceive of harmonious political and military relations among allies, and particularly within NATO , which normally must be founded on basic tru st, if access to information of incalculable importance - particularly technological information - is not shared? I 10.5.1 Nationa l Structures I If France wants to affirm its presence in this domain, it seems urgent to expand SEPM which must: I I

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I - increase its human and material resources so as to be able to collect information relating to all UFO manifestations, both in Europe and throughout the world, - expand its investigation and analysis capabi lities, I· - boost its representation and foreign relations status. It would likewise be advisable to create a unit at the highest State level to collaborate Iwith SEPRA that would be tasked with: - fonnulating all prospective hypotheses , - promoting scientific and technical research and, as such, would have a small minimum Ibudget , - proposing elements of military strategy , - participating in the establishment of regional cooperation agreements with interested European and foreign countries. It should be noted that many countries already have small bodies for the collection of UFO sightings withi.n their armed forces or intelligence services . 10.5.2 European Structures It would be desirable then for the European States and the European Union Commission to conduct every type of research and to initiate diplomatic approaches with the United States, exerting useful pressure, to clarify this crucial issue, which must fall Iwithin the scope of political and strategic alliances. Would it perhaps be opportune for France to propose to the Commission that it create within it - so as to no longer be blind, dumb, and paralyzed - a special expanded coordinating body provided with the necessary Ihuman and material resources? 10.6 What Situations Must We Prepare For? I What strategies could we map out in the following situations: - appearance of UFO and extraterrestrial desire to establish an official and peaceful I. contact , - chance or intentional discovery of a microba se or base at some locat ion in France or in Europe : position to adop t toward a friendly or non-friendly power , I - invasion (hardly likely given the fact that an invasion could have been carried out before the discovery of the atom) and targeted or massive attacks on strategic or nonstrat egic location s, - deliberate manipulation or disinformation with a view to destabilizing other States. In the case of the first situation cited, we are not precluded from suggesting that the States that are equipped with sophisticated research and analysis tools will perhaps have I more chances than others of being chosen as preferred contact s, but at what risks and advantages? I Chapter 11 - Aeronautical Implications I 11.1 Why Aeron autical Implications? IIt is not intellectually possible to remain indifferent in light of an unexplained I I

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I aeronautical phenomenon which numerous civilian and military pilots have come face to face with. Ofthe several hundred confirmed aeronautical cases, there are primarily five I types of implications: - simple sighting of a phenomenon by the crew, passengers , or ground personnel, - detection of a track on a radar screen, which occurs in one out of five aeronautical I cases, sometimes culminating in the recordin g of a track, as was the case on January 28, I 994, at the Cinq-Mars-la-Pile Control and Detection Center (CDC) ( cf Chapter I), - interferences with ground (San Carlos de Bariloche) or onboard (Tehran) electrical or electronic equipment, - shadowing of aircraft (San Carlos de Bariloche , RB-47, etc.), - apparently aggressive conduct ( Colonel Giraud in his Mirage IV, student pilot at Tours, the Tehran incident, etc .). The number of testimonie s and the quality of the witnesses are such that one cannot dodge the phenomenon and aeronautic personnel, and more especially defense personnel, must be sensitized and prepared to deal with the situation. In fact, how can one try to ignore a phenomenon that is manifested by the regular crossing of our air space by moving objects 1. the behavior of which suggests that they are piloted by an intelligent [being] ? Can one I claim, because this appears to exceed our technical knowledge, that it does not fall within our purview? If we do nothing, the very principle of defense and air intelligence would be called into question . I The first sightings made by aviators date back to the beginning of the 40s. Since then, the number of unexplained sightings (after an expert 's appraisal: UAP Ds) reported by pilots or [air traffic] controllers has risen to over 500. As a reminder1.. in France, this figure is three or four since 1951 . It is the responsibility of the Air Force to take into account these phenomena , which, until proven otherwise, occur primarily in air space. I 11.2 Who is Involved? I 11.2.1Flight Crew I I The flight crew is naturally involved, particularly the pilots, because whether they are civilian or military, they are in a more advantageous position for making sightings and would be the first affected in the event of an incident (risk of collision, in particular) . This is especially true for a combat pilot, because he is trained to constantly monitor the sky and he now has more and more advanced weapons systems capable of detecting faster and faster and smaller and smaller targets at greater and greater distances. The pilot/weapons system pair is now more than ever an excellent sighting instrument and would be our first I means ofintervention if, by chance, this were to prove necessary. The concerns of a I commercial airline pilot are different because , in addition to the fact that he does not have the same equipment, his priority is obviously the safety of his passengers. Although he remains a primary partner in the quest for information , he would be totally powerless in the face of an aggressive stance by a UFO. I 11.2.2 (Air Traffic) Controllers I The radar [air traffic] controller is, of course, involved, but depending on whether he is civilian or military, the contro l equipment at his disposal offer him different options . In both cases, since he is in radio contact with the pilot, it is he who is the first to receive the sighting report from the crew. I I

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I He must be prepa red to note and supplement the sightings transmitted with the clear headedness that the distance of his posit ion gives him. In regard to radar detect ion, only Ithe military controller has adequate equipment to detect a flying object that does not follow genera l air traffic rules. In fact, military air defense radars permit a visual display of the primary detectio n, as well as a synthetic display used by civilian [ air traffic] controllers , Ito appear on the military controller's radar scope (see Appendix I). In addition, they are the only ones who are able to obtain an image of craft moving at the supposed speeds of UFOs. Finally, the means to record and reconstruct radar situat ions on site at the Control Iand Detection Centers (CDC) enable supp lemental investigations to be conducted, if necessary . I11.2.3 Meteorologists Unusual phenomena are often explained by meteoro logical phenomena. Questions can Ieasily be explained if the spec ialized departments are informed of the importance of their observat ions. AJI military and civilian personnel specializing in meteorology must therefore be able to meet this expectation. ..11.2.4 CNES Engineers CNES engineers are the French space specialists . They cannot remain indifferent to I UFO phenomena. Knowledge of our universe, observation of the sky, and surveillance of anything that is dep loyed into the sky naturally makes them just the right people to head up the study of extraterrestrial phenome na. We have described their work above . I 11.2.5 Engineers in the Aeronautics Sector I Engineers in the aeron aut ic sector are naturally involved . Their work is presel)ted in the next chapter on scientific and technica l implications . I 11.3 How Do We Involve Aero nautics [Personnel] ? In order for aerona utics personne l, along with their resources, to be involved, we need I to know how to interest them and, in order to do this, how to inform them of the phenomenon, to spec ify what is expected of them, and to define what their reflex responses should be and what course of act ion they should take . I 11.3.1 Informing Personnel IInforming amounts , first and foremost, to getting someo ne to accept t he possibility of the presence of extraterrestrial craft in our sky. It is necessary to overcome the fear of ridicule and to admit that, failing certa inty, there are stro ng presumptions based on a list of Iexamples selected fl-om among the testimonies fl-om the aerona utics world . Moreover , it is necessary to reach all generat ions . Informationa l conferences can be easily schedu led at aero nautics schools for the young generations (Ecole de I' Air, Ecole INationale de )'Aviation Civile [National Civil Aviation School ] (ENAC, Sup 'Aero , etc.), and for the not-so -young , in cont inuing education courses and, obviously , at the College Inte rarmees de Defense [Interarmy Defense College] (CID) and IHEDN . SEPRA is Ialready holding conferences at ENAC within the framework of civilian [air traffic] I I

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I I controller training. This practice just needs to be extended to all flight crew training schools, regardless of the specialty being taught. For the generations already on the job, these conferences can I easily be offered at the Control and Detection Centers and flight units for military personnel, and, at least for civilian [ air traffic] controllers, at the Regional Air Navigation Centers (CRNA). As for commercial flight crews, the airline companies - Air France, in particular - have set up a systematic information sheet for crews that is periodically I updated . I This information must furthermore be updated on a regular basis in the knowledge that the intended objective is to permit a future witness, whether he plays an active role or is merely an observer, to be fully aware of what course of action to take in the face of the phenomenon sighted. Ifwe want personnel to get involved, it is necessary that they know how to react in real time and what to communicate and to whom, how to take the measures corresponding to the present situation, etc. For this reason, it is advisable to define with them what their reflex responses should be and what course of action they should take. I 11.3.2 Reflex Responses I Indeed, it is necessary to instill in_personnel who may face the phenomenon what their reflex responses should be, in the knowledge that they may merely be simple observers or, in some cases, have to take concrete measures (for example, at San Carlos de Bariloche , I the surprise of the landing strip lights going out in the middle of the UFO incident) . It is I quite certain that it would be better to be prepared in order to be fully aware of what course of action to take in the face of such an unforeseen and poorly understood event. These reflex responses differ in type depending on whether it is a matter of sighting, recording a testimony, transmitting information collected, or reacting in real time in order to take ad.hoc measures in response to the phenomenon. I 11.3.3 Course of Action to Take The course of action to take seems to us to be summarized as follows: observe , note I the maximum amount of details, take photographs if possible, _report, allowing the visitors the initiative of possibly making contact, and avoid premature publicity in the media. I 11.3.3.1 Objective Observation In the face of an unknown situation , one must be on guard against any instinctive self I defense reaction that could be easily interpreted as a provocation. One must just observe and avoid any initiative aimed at seeking contact . I 11.3.3.2 Reporting I Once a phenomenon has been sighted, it is advisable to report it in order to alert the other crews, on the one hand, which is what is currently done, and the authorities , on the other hand, through the air [traffic] control chain of command in civilian cases and the air defense chain of command in military cases. I 11.3.3.3 Remaining Discrete Vis-a-Vis the Public As a witness to a phenomenon of this type, one must know how to adopt a certain level I I

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I of discretion vis-a-vis the press. It is essential to allow scientists [time] to make use of the information before letting the media trigger the curiosity of the general public, which Icould result in the disappearance of important evidence . Chapter 12 - Scientific and Technical Implications I The significance of the UFO phenomenon to defense in the broad sense leads to several proposals . I 12.1 Stepping Up the Collection and Analysis of Data It is, of cou rse, advisable to continue and, if possible, expand geographically the collection, initial analysis, and classification of data and testimonies performed successively by GEP AN and then by SEPRA, which was described in Chapters 5 and 6. 12.2 Establishing a Watch and Initiate Work Upstream From the studies presented in Chapter 8, it can be concluded that at least a passive, and preferably an active, techno-watch is required in the fields of lead ing-edge propulsion such as, for example, magnetohydrodynamics . It is truly esse ntial to know what the other nations are doin g in this area. In other high-tech fields, the study of the various I testimonie s could be combined with appropriate scientific experiments to enable significant_ progress . A typical example is that of particle beams or microwaves , together with their effects : tools, weapons , etc. All of these subjects are, on the whole, more advanced than I the technical problems presently und er study by DGA or the public research institut ions. Therefore they will not be dealt with unless a decision is made at the highest State level. I 12.3 Encouraging Thought in Order to Place the Phenomena in a Global Context IThe work mentioned above will enable progress in the partial models of the phenomena sighted, along with considerable spill-over for defense and industry. But the global interp retat ion of these well-documented but inexplicable phenomena will require other Iresearch. The principal areas of research relate to the extraterrestrial hypothe sis; we will mention ,for reference, the current research on the detection of extra solar planets, which will take a new direction when the VLT (Very Large Telescope) of the ESO (European ISouthern Observatory) in Chile enables them to be observed directly. Each discovery of a planet , which is presently made indirectly via the disturbances that the planet causes in its star, has met with a favorable respon se in the media. ILess spectacular , albeit fascinating to a cultured public, is the research on the origin of life that is being conducted internationally at a very satisfying rate . It forms the basis of exobiology, the science of extraterre strial life (see Append ix 3). Studies on evolution and Iits mechanisms are currently handicapped by school disputes . They are important to our subject: How might life evolve elsewhere? Underdeve loped but also important are the studies on the genesis and future of civilizations . The latter are normally extended by Ilong-term , forward-looki ng scenario s for our planet and, of course , for others . Interstellar tra vel, as visualized in Appendix 4 - entitled "Colonization of Space " - must be the object of at least passive monit oring. This subject is currently being dealt with in Ithe U nited States, where numerous NASA or P entagon study contracts concern I I

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I propulsion using antimatter in solar or interstellar space. It was also in the United States I where the astronomer Papagiannis won a NASA study contract a few years ago to detect possible space cities in the asteroid belt located between the planets Mars and Jupiter. I In carrying out the study, he examined the photos taken in 1983 by the IRAS [Infrared Astronomical Satellite] satellite and looked for possible abnormal infrared emissions coming from objects in th.is belt. It would seem that NASA did not renew Papag iannis' contract, which apparently did not yield any results . I 12.4 Specia l Studies I Some studies do not come under the "hard" sciences and technologies : for interstellar voyages, the stability ofthe earmarked societies requires study. What, in particular , is their minimum size? The different attempts at disinformation made by certain foreign I governments should be analyzed discrete ly, but in depth. The wish of these governments to appropriate for themselves alone any possible futuristic technol ogies relating to military I aircraft and weapons might help explain these attempts (see Appendices 5 and 7). It would be advisable to already be anticipating the measures to be taken and the decisions to be made should events such as indubitable physical or radio contacts with an outside civilization take place. I Chapter 13 - Political and Religious Implicat ions I An assessment of the impact that the formal confirmation of the existence of UFOs and extraterrestrial civilizations would have on the political and religious situation of the I countries on earth could be a bit of a challenge. However , the task is less arduous when we try to put ourselves in the shoes of extraterrestrials who supposedly have chosen earth as a field of observation and/or intervention . We will use th.is method . It is appropriate , of course, to postu late that the technical and human difficulties have been resolved , I permitting us to exceed the limits of our solar system, and even our galaxy: I - Either in secular voyages aboard "ship-worlds ," in which thousands of volunteer s who have embarked wou ld see their generations reproduce . It is necessary to keep in mind that these craft will not be able to one day return to earth , at least that is what we are I assuming, which would confer - de facto - a political autonomy and freedom of decision to the onboard government independent of orders and programs established prior to departing earth (cf Appendix 4: "Colonization of Space") . - Or, in [voyages of] several months or years - based on totally revolutionary scientific I concepts and techniques that remain to be imagined - using aircraft or probes piloted by classic crews or by bionic androids, which would follow the instructions received from a I parent station or from earth . During the course of these explorations, we might discover one or more celestial bodies populated with beings that have evolved more or less similarly to us, "humans," humanoid, I or even stranger creatures . They may have created civilizations that are comparable to or more advanced than our present civilization, or they may be endowed with only rudimentary aptitudes for civilization, unless they still remain only at the elementary survival stage . I (Nora Bene: in this chapter , the numbers in parentheses refer to the references, pp. 87 to 89) I I

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I· 13.1 Phase One: Observation From a Distance (Remote Sensing and Obscn ·ation ?) It seems reasonable to think that our earthling explorers have received a mission to peacefully observe these worlds and/or conq uer, purely and simply, these new territories in order to establish a line of descendants there (cf. 13.4 below). The state of advancement of the local populations will likely dictate the manner of obtaining, as well as the nature and duration , of these observations , and the initial observations will, of course , be for analyzing : I· - the living organisms, the manners in which they think and live, their languages, their religions and beliefs, their arts , sciences, techniques and weapons, their political institutions , their social organizations , and their histories in general , - the environments in which these populations live, [and] animals, plants, minerals, etc. This first phase, which excludes any physical or material contact, wou ld be that of scientific, in vivo laboratory observation : electronic surveillance, remote sensing, recording , decrypting of langua ges, analyses , evaluations , etc. It is important to emphasize that this period could last one year, ten years , a century, [or] a thousand years, why not? Actually, what better scientific experiment - Jato sensu - than that of having more or less civilized, s tagnant or evo lving populations , either at peace or at war, organized in a hundred different manners , no doubt having languages that are foreign to I: one another , each one assuming , in its own way, the organization of ts terrestrial and celestia l cities . In a word, we would be in the situat ion of observing ours elves! I 13.2 Phase Two: In situ Sampling and Furtive Appearances I The interpretation of the data collected can only be complete when a second phase has been implemented, during which sampling and analyses of mineral, plant, and animal elements , and perhaps even elements from evolved beings, are performed . Consequently , I the question is raised as toAhe types of contacts that would be appropriate to estab lish and the political, psychological, and religious implications for the local populations that might result from these contacts : furtive and covert contac ts, visible and overt contact s, I continuous or intermittent contacts . If the furtive and covert mode of operation is initia.llyselected, it neverthe less could not - at least based on the present state of our technology - go comp letely unnoticed by the indigenous populations . It is permissible to I consider that the psychological and religious impacts may vary according to the different types of political organizations and the levels of moral and scientific development encountered on the same world . I 13.2. l Impacts on Preindustrial-Age Civilizations I Individuals or masses from preindus trial-age civilizations might note the passage and /or landing of our ships or our remote- controlled craft. They might collectively view them equally as natural , divine, extraordinary , supernatural , aberrant , or diabolical phenomena I (frescoes in the Yugo slavian mona stery at Detchani, spheres in Nuremb erg and Basel in 1561 and 1566 - cf App endix 6) . Furthermor e, the collective memories of these peo pies and their imagination in general could be more or less sharply mark ed by such I manifestati ons if they are accompanied , in particular, by the sighting of our astronaut s, I I

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I I I whether dressed in their coveralls or their space suits or not, or robots, androids, or any artifacts that we may deem appropriate to disembark or represent. Such appearances , if I the local authorities note and publicly certify their reality, would undoubtedly have a creative impact capable of modifying the indigenous political and religious conceptions for some time. I 13.2.1.1 Impacts on Local Religions I Since terrestrial a~d celestial orders are closely interlinked in people's minds, the appearances of spaceships or remote-controlled craft, and, moreover, the appearances of astronauts or bionic robots, would be capable of creating a lasting impression in minds, I reorienting religions, inspiring new ones. or originating founding myths. The flying machines that Ezekiel described at length ( 1 ), the air war of the Ramayana, the Epic of Gilgamesh (2), the Elohim of Genesis (3), and the Watchmen of the Sky, mixing with the I daughters of men and begetting giants, whom Enoch also speaks of ( 4 ), and more generally, the Immortals, the Sons or the Kings of the Sky of the Orient and China (5), I Japan , the "Land of Gods" ( 6), the Viracochas of South America, the Incas, or the great gods of Ancient Egypt , the Gods, the Titans, the Giants, the Children of the Gods, and the Heres ofwestern and oriental Antiquity (7), etc., come to mind. Both supernatura l and extraordinary phenomena were part of the natural order of things I in the past. Would religions founded on the existence of a God or a creative order be shattered by such apparitions? Nothing is less certain. Once the shock, terror , and I curiosity have passed, a new appreciation of the cosmic order could replace the old religious conceptio ns, without necessarily destroying the divine principle itself. To say the least , these religious conceptions could be reoriented or even sublimated. God does not I travel around in a spaceship . Besides, the great religions of earth do not condemn the idea of the existence of other inhabited worlds in the universe. Must we recall that certain collective memories experience aberration s, despite the tangible proof subsequently I furnished to the catechumen (the cult of the cargo plane in New Hebrides) (8)? Bonaparte's military and scientific expedition to Egypt left no trace in the local annals, which recorded only an interruption of the pilgrimage to Mecca (9). Closer to home, many people did not believe that men had walked on the moon, believing it to be a publicity stunt or disinformation . It would be appropriate, however, to avoid I overestimating this impact, insofar as all ancient civilizations conceived of pantheons, the I gods of which were associated with terrifying manifestations of the sea, wind, volcanoes, earthquakes , or .lightning . It is therefore difficult to say whether they were the avatars of extraterrestrial influences or, more simply, the product of the invention of mythologies explaining the world. I 13.2.1.2 Political Impacts I With respect to the political impacts, these should be much more ephemeral, at least in app earance . In fact, once the moments of astonishment have passed, the political organization of States does not seem to have to be affected in a lasting manner, since I contingencies quickly regain the upper hand. However, that monarch or chief of state could proclaim himself the exclusive and privileged interpreter of these extraordinary manifestations. Would he not b e tempted to consecrate himself a god-king 9r a king-god I I

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. I I· in the eyes of his subjects?I Once again without being able to distinguish what is the product of the natural and Ispontaneous search for the legitimacy of power from what could actually only be the result of an opportunity seized by inveigling, we are forced to note that history abounds in god kings or king-gods (pharaohs ; Assyrian kings; Hellenic epiphanic kings; Roman , Chinese, Ior Japane se emperors ; sons of the Sun of Central or South America, etc.). 13.2.2 Impacts on Industrial-Age Civilizations Industrial-age civilizations are more skeptical than they former ly were and have more difficulty envisioning what is not a product of the immediately explainable or the simply measurable . However , it is certain that the furnishing of irrefutable proof of the existence of extraterrestrials wou ld leave a profound mark on popu lations such as ours today . Th.is issue is at the heart of our report . 13.3 Phase Three: Influences on Local Civilizations The third phase would be that of the influence s that we would consider appropriate to exert on the environment and the civilizations encountered with a view to causing them to evolve in our fashion. It goes without saying that the advantages and risks would have to I be studied carefully. 13.3.1 Influences on Preindustrial-Age Civilizations I We might consider it necessary, in certain cases , to influence the environment in a specific manner and the evolution of local civilizat ions in a subtle way . It might seem Inecessary to us, upon completion of our observations and our analyses, to modify, bit by bit, the natural environment and the ecosystem by, for example, seeding or introducing select plants and organisms that are lacking . ILikewise, the course of indigenou s civilizations could be gradua lly modified by influencing, either from a distance or directly, the qualities or defects of select individuals, accentuating their intellectual and moral tendencie s and their scientific knowledge , or by Icausing genetic mutations by different processes that are yet to be invented . In this case, it would be a matter of playing the role that these populations would have willingly reserved for gods , who, by providing sacred texts , wou ld reorient, for example, Itheir sense of morals , their religiosity, and perhaps their laws and their political institutions . The use of elements likely to terrify and impress could be appropriate in some cases . And, with all due reverence , nothing would prevent one from thinking of different Iepisodes in the Old Testament , the conditio ns under which the laws of Manu were instituted ( I 0) or even the Koran given . The influences relate back to a certain number of enigmas in history, including, perhaps, the conco mitant appearance of the great I civilizations of the Indus, Mesopotamia , and Egypt ( cities, architecture , writing, calendar, astrono my, etc.). They also call to mind the extraordinary map of the Antarctic , which was drawn almost free of ice by the Frenchman Oronce Fine in 1531, nearly three centuries I prior to the discovery of this contine nt in 1820 ( 11 ). 13.3.2 Influences on Industrial-Age Civilizations I I I

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I I The nature of these influences will vary according to the type of civilization, its technological development, and its psychological acclimatization or lack thereof to the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations. It would be advisable beforehand to accustom I the mind of these populations to the idea of the probable existence of extraterrestrial civilizations (science-fiction novels, films, cartoon strips, video games, advertisements, a favorab le psychological climate, [and] why not suitable sects?, etc.). I New and essential technological knowledge could be provided via different avenues or by means of chance or provoked accidents with one of our spacecraft . The contemporary I Roswell case thus comes to mind. In order for_this case to be retained in full (or disposed of), it would still be necessary for the U.S. government to accept to show, communicate and let analyze, without beating around he bush, all of the elements that it actually recovered on that occasion. I 13.4 Phase Four: Direct Contacts A fourth phase would be that of establishing direct contact with the locals or with entire I populations, whether or not a vanguard of bionic robots were used. Once again, the goals sought must be precisely determined . The benefit and true utility of establishing such contacts must be weighed with care in order to calculate the risks and consequences . A I stringent program could plan for these. However, a serious technical accident affecting I one of our spacecraft could be the start of an unofficial contact , a necessary settlement, or a colonization, or even, if necessary, an information-disinformation campaign. It is also advisable to envision the sedition of some of our crews whom it might be necessary to disembark or who might decide on their own authority to live on one of the worlds I discovered and, eventually , mix with the indigenous populations , going against orders received, whatever happens not to intervene or interfere in local affairs. These contacts presuppose that the worlds discovered are populated wit h human beings or hominids I whose complexion is identical or close to ours . But under the hypothesis of contacts and planned long-term settlements of members of our crews, should mixes be prohibited, as prophylaxis, by imposing a major ban on them ( 12) or, on the contrary, should they be I tolerated and even encouraged? Bearing in mind that direct or prolonged contacts would inevitably lead the indigenous populations to believe, in fine, that we are not so different I from them. It would be prudent, howe ver, to send remote-controlled androids in advance in order to assess the reactions that such an intrusion would arouse, or to acclimate the populations to the idea through furtive, episodic appearances. I 13.4.1 Direct Contacts with Preindustrial-Age Civilizations I It is certain that such contacts wou ld immediately cause the local populations to imagine that they are in the presence of gods . Historical parallels naturally come to mind: the arrival of the Spaniards in Central America in armor and on horseback , or, more generally , the arrival of the Europeans at the time of the discovery and exploration of the globe. The impact on populations that had never seen horses, armor that shone brightly in I the sun, or white men, particularly with blond or red hair, must have been felt strong ly. I However , the shock of these apparitions wou ld be quickly lessened with the multiplication of relations, and even more so if our crews were to take an eminent place in the local political and military order s. This, of cours e, relates back to the different epics of the discovery of the world, European colonization , and also the end of the western empires. I I

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---- - - - - -- I 13.4.2 Direct Contacts with Industrial-Age Civilizations I The day would come when we believed that these civilizations, gradually brought to our level through our efforts, are able to participate in our world . With the ground prepared in advance, contacts could, for example, be established discretely with selected I individuals or at the highest level of the States, or of some of them, and, if possible, be kept secret. Although leaks should not be ruled out, the leaders selected would then have to conduct infonnation , disinfonnation , and counterinfonnation campaigns to maintain the I privileged nature of these relations and, who knows, to benefit, from our side, from novel scientific, technical , and political infonnat ion, giving them an edge over their rivals. The selection of States, rulers, key figures, or mere individuals would, of course, be of I paramount importance . . Before or after the implementation of an influencing program , why not imagine having bionic robot s that look like humans or resemble the living beings there appear in order not I to risk the lives of members of our exped itions? Finally, why not purely and simply present ourselves openly and publicly? It is easy to imagine the huge sensation that this would cause in all psychological , political, military, stra tegic, and religious spheres, to say I nothing of the media, [as well as the] multiple meetings and international colloquiums , unint enupted sessions of organizat ions such as the UN, calls for "world unity , " international consultations , the creation ofwelcoming committees , etc. [ that it would I prompt]. The rivalry of the States would be interesting to observe . It goes wit hout saying that our intentions must be perceived as peaceful. If this were not our policy, there would , of course , be no need to take special precautions to show I consideration for the sentime nts of the local populations . In all of these scenarios , we shou ld encounter idolaters , sycop hants, Herodians, who, out of a millenialist conviction , gullibility, pragmatism , or interest , would welcome us with enthusiasm as saviors , capable I of solving all of their problems and bringing them peace and prosperity, preferably without having to exert much effort . These would be our first allies. Zealots, skeptics, and those Iwho have withdrawn into the venerable secular concept ions of their world , which has been turned upside-down , would cast doubt on or deny our existence. If they were to admit it, they would consider us as so many invaders, whose intentions would be perceived as all Ithe more suspect since they would be peaceful. There is but one logical step to take between that and imagining the creatio n of defense movements and resistance movements against the invader. The strength of these movement s would depend, in part , on our skill Iin squashing them, convincing them , in the hope of attaching them to us. But how then do we avo id the pitfall of good intentions and good sentiment s that everyone knows the road to hell is paved with? (13) Should we admit how long we have Ibeen observing them? Would they reproach us for not having intervened to prevent a world war, or would they blame us for it, or, more genera lly, would they hold it against us that we changed the course of civilizations? Very severe and lasting psychological Idisturbances shou ld be envis ioned in these cases . Would they be disappointed to learn that we are not immortal ? Later , economic and technological excha nges and financial ties shou ld be estab lished with the se populations . IWould it be a wise policy to involve ourse lves in local affairs? And in one manner or anot her. could we escape the requests to becom e arbitrators of political disagree ments, peace, war, and economic c rises? IWhatever the case, one day or another we would be in charge of the unsolved problem s. Wou ld they not go so far as to reproach us for the contributions of our very I I

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I I advanced civilization, or at least for what we thought would be of benefit to them? Changes of opinion and attitude toward us could occur over time. Wouldn't groups of I people be one day tempted to consider themselves our equals, because we did not remain inaccessible? Protest movements would consequently arise and revolutionary cycles would no doubt be set in motion, as a result of which we, as well as our Herodian allies, would suffer. Our global policy would then be compromised and we would have to consider making our contacts less frequent and, possibly, withdrawing onto our ships and I retreating . We would then have the time necessary to review our policies, based on I techniques still unknown from our catechumens. The discovery of new worlds could enable us to enter into contact with civilizations just as developed as our own and even far more advanced . Nothing allows us to rule out the possibility that , why not , we would encounter explorers from other more distant worlds. Unde r these hypothetical conditions, it is permissible to imagine that we might have been I discovered in space first. It would be our turn then to experience - at least in part - the psychological effects and the political and religious implications that we have described . What would be the policy of local governments toward us? Would they welcome us I peacefully or would they prudent ly keep us at a distance? Should we fear seeing nuclear space weapons or other weapons aimed at ourse lves gainst, for example, the bases that we had attempted to establish or had succeeded in establishing in an asteroid belt close to one I of their worlds? I What would be the results of such encounters? What relations could we establish and what influences would we exert on these different types of civilizations? Anything is conce ivable. Having come full circle, we thus return to our concerns and our current questions . I Chapte r 14 - Media Implications I As was stressed earlier, it may seem extravagant that sensible people, scientists I moreover , are interested in unexplained - and for the time being still inexplicable - phenomena at the risk of appearing ridiculous . But, as this report tries to demonstrate, there are enough questions regarding tang ible evidence to justify the scientific interest generated by these issues. What separates our approach from the media's approach is the I I researche r's curiosity with respect to the research to be conducted in order to solve the enigmas posed to his sagacity even if science has not reached an adequate state to answe r them fully, as opposed to the curiosity of the press regarding a subject with regular sudden new developments that are likely to produce marvelous scoops, which generally are not characterized by scientific precision. I It is not a question of criticizing the press ; its aid is often most valuable . But these fleeting events are supported in part by human testimonies, which are all the more flimsy since they come from people who are affected by their encounter with "the unknown " and since they elude the usual benchmarks . The press has a tendency sometimes to either ridicule the facts reported or to make itself look ridiculous because of the excess of I information extrapolated from the elements described by the witnesses . I 14.1 What Can a Government Fear From the Curiosity of the Media? - Panic: the media broadcast terrifying information liable to sow panic among the I I

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I population . The famous example of Orson Welles's fictional program taken literally by radio listeners in 1938, wreaking tremendous havoc in one region of the United States, may have influenced the reaction of U.S. military personnel vis-a-vis the Roswell incident I in 1947. The disinformation campaign was skillfully conducted, since it has muzzled the media for 30 years. Panic, which is accompanied by considerable human chaos (suicides, people fleeing on the roads, riots, and vandalism, etc.) would cause any government for I which peace alone is a wealth and stability factor for its power to shrink back. - Mistrust: the fear of seeing accurate information divulged and repeated with obvious iro ny is also a deterrent to openly mentioning UFO questions. This posture is at the core I of the disinformation and confusion in which public opinion is steeped with regard to what is true and what is false. It can only be dreaded by decision-makers. - Fear of ridicule: although ridicule has no longer killed for some time, it is nonetheless I· often difficult to overcome . - Manipulation : the media can be manipulated by lobbies or pressure groups for Isectorial purpo ses (for example, push politician s to create an anti-UFO SDI [Strategic Defense Initiative]) and could thus become the unwitting spokesmen of a disinformation campaign or a d estabilization attempt. I: 14.2 What Attitudes do the Media Adopt? - For the tabloids, anything is good if it sells. The public's curiosity is great and its I demand generates enticing and often phony articles. AJthough they become the relayer of incredible theories , it is, on the other hand, thank s to the tabloids that the latest revelations concerning Roswell made by old witnesses have begun to become known . I - For the major newspapers, irony or aggressiveness are most often a mann er of broa ching a taboo subject that no o ne has a handle on. But the press can also spread the news about an extraordinary ph enomenon when , as in the case of San Carlo s de Bariloche, I dozens of people were witnesses to it. It somet imes also makes a good presentation of the UFO case. - For television and movies, the subject is in vogue because it can be dealt with as I fiction , and there nothin g checks the imagination of the producers . The bizarre fashion adopt ed by Channel +",a French television station] for its "Nuit des Extraterrestres [Extraterrestrials Night]" does not prompt one to take this subject serious ly. However , I tribute should be paid to several serious and well-documented broad casts, like that of "Arte" in March 1996. I 14.3 What Should Be Done? I The future of our planet lies in space. Wheth er it be overpo pulation, a spirit of adventure , the search fo r other raw materials, a liking for conquest and colonization, or other , more or less altruistic , moti vat ions, everyt hing is pushing toward humankind's I expansion. Will we one day be the extraterre strials for other planets? When our probes orbit around more and more distant worlds and film them , what might hypothetical inhabitants think of them? I We must prepare ourselv es for this prospect , and the media can help educate the masses. A strength ened SEPRA could usefully dedicat e its effort s to the training ofjournalists I and could create a documentary site on the Internet. I I

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I I Conclusions and Recommendations I The UFO problem cannot be eliminated by mere caustic and offhand witticisms. Since the publication of the first report by the Association des Auditeurs of IHEDN 20 years I ago, CNES has conducted serious studies in close collaboration with the Gendarmerie Nationale and the Air Force primarily, as well as with other State agencies (Civil Aviation, I Weather Service, etc.). These studies tally with other research conducted more or less discretely abroad, mainly in the United States . They demonstrate the almost certain physical reality of completely unknown flying I objects with remarkable flight performances and noiselessness, apparently operated by intelligent [beings]. With their maneuvers, these flying objects considerably impress civilian and military pilots, who hesitate to speak [ about them]. The fear of appearing I ridiculous, alienated, or simply gullible is the principal reason for this reserve . Secret craft definitely of earthly origin ( drones, stealth aircraft, etc.) can only explain a minority of cases. If we step back and take an objective look over the years, we clearly perceive the I limits of this explanation. Thus we are forced to resort to other hypotheses. Some can neither be confirmed nor invalidated. They are therefore not scientific, and, certainly, it is very difficult to I scientifically study rare, elusive, and random phenomena , when science is based above all on experiments and their reproducibility. However, the example of meteorites shows that this type of phenomenon can nevertheless end up being accepted by the scientific I community after centuries of doubt and rejection . A single hypothesis sufficiently takes into account the facts and, for the most part, only calls for present-day science. It is the hypothesis of extraterrestrial visitors. Advanced as I of 1947 by certain U.S. military personnel, today it is popular worldwide. It is discredited by a certain elite, but is plausible. Scientists .( astronomers , physicists, engineers, futurologists, etc.) have elaborated on it enough for it to be receivable - as a hypothesis - I by their peers. Different plausible variants concerning the voyage of one or more civilizations from a remote solar system to ours have been developed . A model of magnetohydrodynamic technology , which could be employed to propel the UFOs in the I atmosphere, has _.reached a significant stage of development. Other manifestations of these objects have begun to receive a physical explanation (automobile breakdowns , truncated beams [of light], etc.). The purposes of these possible visitors remain unknown , but they must be the subject of indispensable speculations and the development of prospective scenarios . I The extraterrestrial hypothesis isby far, the best scientific hypothesis. It certainly has not been categorically proven , but stro ng presumptions exist in its favor and if it is correct , it is loaded with significant consequences . I Based on this prudent but solid assessment, we can make several recommendation s: 1) Inform the political, military, and administrative decision-makers , as well as the aircraft and helicopter pilots. A gradual information campaign could target: I - ENA (National Public Management College] and IHEDN , • - [Ministry ofJ Defense schools: Air, Navale, Saint-Cyr, Gendarmerie , ( officers and NCO gendarmes) , Sante des Armees [Military Health College], I Polytechnique [Polytechnical College], ENST A [National College of Advanced Technologies] , ENSAE [Nationa l College of Aeronaut ics and Space), CID , CHEAR [Center for Advanced~ Armaments Studies], CHEM [Center for I I

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• I Advanced Mili,ary Studies], etc., - civilian schools and their alumni: Ecole Nationale Superieure de Police [National Police College], Ecole des Officiers de Police [Police Officers I Academy], journalism schools, Ecole Nat ionale de l' Aviation Civile. At the latter school, numerous conferences have allowed air [traffic] contro llers to be taught the proper reactions in the event an aircraft encounters a UFO, I - agencies that support or conduct research for military purposes: DGA, ONERA, CEA/DAM [Directorate of Military Applications], etc ., - special civilian and military department s, as well as the Direction de la I Communicat ion de la Defense [Defense Communications Directorat e], DICOD fonner central SIRPA [Anned Forces Information and Public Relations Department]) , calling their attention to disinfonnation processes. I 2) Boost SEPRA's human and material resources so that it can: - develop its investigation and analysis possibilities, I- collect infonnation relating to all UFO manifestation s, both in Europe and throughout the world, - maintain and develop databases on different aspect s of these manifestation s, - r einforce its represe ntation and foreign relations status. 3) Make the detection of UFOs an objective for civilian and military space surveillance systems, which it is necessary to develop for other reasons (prevention of collisions Ibetween satellites and space debris, etc.). 4) Create a unit at the highest State level to collaborate with SEPRA, that would be tasked with: I- fonnu lating all prospective hypo theses, - promoting scientific and technical efforts and, as such, have an annual budget of a few million francs, I- participat ing in the establishment of sectorial cooperat ion agreements with other countries. 5) Initiate diplomatic demarches to the United States , with the support of other State s I and even the European Union, to urge the superpower to collaborate and, if necessary , exert useful pressure to clarify this crucial issue that necessarily comes within the framework of political and strategic alliances. • I6) As speculative as these possibilities are, reflect, at the level of public authoritie s and with the aid of the unit mentioned in item 4), on the measures to take in the event of a spectacular and indisputable manifestation of a UFO: I - overt attempt to make contact, - landing before numerous witnesses, - other substantial actions. IThese reflections wou ld be carrie d out methodically, while maintaining, obviously, a minimum distance . IAppendices Appendix l - Radar Detection in France I Rada r detection in France is carried out by two radar station networks, the military network equipped with both primary and secon dary radar s and the civilian network I equipped almost entirely with secon dary radars . Primary radar permits one to detect and visualize on a screen (or scope) the geographic position and the altitude (three- I I

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I I dimensional radar) of all moving objects via the reflection of radar waves off of the body of the moving object . Conversely, secondary radar permits the detect ion and display on the screen only of I moving objects equipped with a "transponder" that is able to respond to the coded signals that it emits. Thus any moving object not equipped with a "transponder ~' will not be detected by secondary radar. I This detail is extreme ly important in the case in question, because on]y the primary radars installed at military Control and Detection Centers (CDC) and radar detection aircraft, the Air Force AW ACS and soon the Navy Hawkeyes, may detect a UFO, I provided that the latter is not a "stealth" craft. Finally, it is necessary to know that all radar information detected by the totality of radar stations in the territory, airborne warning aircraft, and the radar stations of neighboring countries are being collected and processed in the STRIDA (Systeme de Traitement des Informations de Defense Aerienne [ Air Defense Information Processing Center]) network, thu s permitting detection coverage over a square more than 4500 km per side. I. I Appendix 2 - Astronomers' Sightings by Jean-Claude Ribes I I astronomical object. But we can expect them to be extremely reticent to relate such a sighting out of fear of ridicule, because amateurs are generally desirous of"profess ional" recognition . At any rate, no specific investigation has been conducted, to my knowledge, I in this particular population. The results of two independent studies conducted by professional astronomers with their colleagues are quite different: in the 50s, Hynek informally questioned some forty I astronomers, a little more than I0% of whom had actually sighted unexplained phenomena. Among the latter , Josef Allen Hynek cites Professor Lincoln La Paz, Director of the Institute of Meteoritics at the University ofNew Mexico, and Clyde I Tombaugh , the discoverer of the planet Pluto, who died in 1997. In the 70s , Peter A. Sturrock sent a detailed questionnaire to 2611 members of the American Astronomical I Association , guaranteeing them anonymity . Half responded, and sixty sightings were encountered . No systematic study of this type has been conducted in France, but a sighting by I Marseilles astronomers Georges Courtes and Maurice Viton is frequently cited. One of my colleagues also related to me a sighting that he had made in his youth of an object with an apparent diameter of the moon (which, moreover, was visible), moving slowly from I north to south . He was not yet a professional at the time but rather a well-informed amateur , and he does not see any explanation for his sighting, which he has never mentioned publicly. Thus it appears that the percentage of sightings by astronomers is comparab le to that noted in the overall population , although there is a definite reticence among a vast I I I I

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- - - - - - - - --- - - - - - I majority to mention them without being assured of anonymity. In addition, the general opinion of astronomer s on the subject is much less negative than one says sometimes , and the least that you could say is that there is no consensus , with many wanting an objective I study of the phenomenon without any preconceiv ed ideas. The private conversations that I have had with French colleagues confirm Sturrock 's conclusion : many would refuse to broach the question with a journalist , but when I speak with them about a serious scientific I study, they state that they are in agreement. Appendix 3 - Life in the Universe I The question of extraterrestriaJ life left the domain of belief barely a few decades ago and entered the domain of scientific research , and the advances in this domain have been I very rapid for several years. Beyond earth, the solar system proves to be currently unsuited to life, but the "Viking" probes have shown that some three-and-a-half billion years ago, the planet Mars must have offered much more favorable conditions than at I present, namely with the existence ofliquid water. Thus it is not ruled out that an elementary life form (bacteria) could have existed there , as was then the case on earth . The study of fossils is, besides, one of the reasons for future Martian expeditions, I automated first, then with humans aboard . The discovery of fossils in a meteorite originally from Mars, as announced by NASA, is still the subject of a debate in the scientific community . But the very existence of this debate increases the interest in going I to take a look on site . . Outside the solar system, astronomers have long thought that, very generally, the stars should be surrounded by planetary systems , but it has onJy been in very recent years that I experience has con.finned this theory : we now know of a half dozen stars each accompanied by at least one planet. Biologists , for their part, are making rapid advances in understanding the chemical mechanisms that give rise to life, and this appear s more and I mqre to be a necessity rather than a coincidence . Twenty years' experience has shown, from Siberia to the ocean depths, that life adapts itself to sharp variation s in temperature or to extreme temperatures where it was I previously considered to be impossible. For 35 years, radioastronomers have carried out different programs searching for an intelligent radio signal corning from space (SETI : Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence) . I No signals have been detected yet, which is not surprising given the immensity of the spatial and frequency domain to be explored . A major NASA program , which was canceled by the U.S. Congress , was revived using private funds and should improve the I sensitivity of the search by severaJ orders of magnitude . The French radiotele scope at Nan9ay, where several SETI studie s have already taken place, will perhaps be included in this program . I Appendix 4 - Colonization of Space I The second half of the 20th century will have been the half century of the exploration of the solar system : man on the moon , probes placed on Mars and Venus, other s in the immediate vicinity of the other planets ( except Pluto), comets, and asteroids. The 21st I century might be the century of the colonization of our system, with pennanent human settlement s and preparation for voyages to other planetary system s. The corning years will see the positioning of the permanent orbital station Alpha , the I international follow-up to the Russian Mir program. Next, the Americans plan, in I I

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I I principle, to establish a permanent base on the moon, a minimal station like the Antarctic base. Beyond that, it would be necessary to recreate an ecosystem where the essential raw material needs (including air, water, and food) could be extracted on site or recycled. I Actually, we cannot consider applying the current method on a large scale, where almost everything must be brought from earth via costly launches. I Ecosystems of this type were studied by the Russians first (the first experiment was in 1961) and by the Americans, namely with Biosphere 2, a greenhouse 1.3 ha in surface area, planned to maintain in closed circuit (with an outside power supply) a set of plants and animals, including the presence of eight people. This experiment, which was carried I out initially using private funds, was unjustly criticized by the press and a portion of the scientific community. In fact, despite certain "amateur,, sides, it has already contributed a great deal: during an initial two-year experiment from 1991 to 1993, four men and four women lived almost entirely self-sufficiently, demonstrating the validity of the principle. I The recycling of water was total, while the recycling of air was imperfect (it was necessary I to add oxygen after fifteen months of total isolation), and the production of food slightly inadequate (the inhabitants of the biosphere left thinner, having started in on the reserves) . After another six-month experiment, the structure was taken over by the University of I Columbia, which seems interested especially in the ecological aspect , to the detriment of the space application. However, it is a descendent of Biosphere 2 who could represent the future autonomous moon base ofthe middle of the next century . A human settlement on the moon is first of all a scientific necessity, namely for astronomers . It is also a springboard into space. Almost all the materials necessary for the construction of stations I and spaceships can be found on the moon, the exploitation of these resources will be much more economical than on earth because the reduced gravity and the absence of atmosphere on our satellite enable an easy and sure launch into orbit. I Human expeditions will necessarily follow automated missions to Mars, if for no other reason than to verify the past existence of traces oflife . As for the development of permanent Martian colonies , this can be envisioned, but one can also imagine skipping this I step, by creating artificial planets. The idea was conceived by American physicist O'Nei ll, who studied in detail cylindrical structures 30 km in length by 6 km in diameter, in rotation to create an artificial gravity and able to shelter millions of people in an earth-type I biosphere . . These artificial planets could be constructed in the asteroid belt, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter , where we find an abundance of materials that are easy to exploit, which I will be able to provide numerous chemical bodies , including oxygen and water. In longer term, and when the industrial -scale manufacture , storage , and use of antimatter is mastered , smaller models of these same craft will be able to leave the solar I system. They will be able to reach the vicinity of another star, after a voyage of several centuries, during which generations will succeed one another in these "ship-worlds" (unless we have mastered human hibernation by then). I These migrations probabl y will not take place until after reconnaissance [missions] conducted by automatic probes [have been comp leted]. The preferred destinations would obviously be systems where a planet supposedly shelters evolved life. I Imagine that a human expedition settles in the asteroid belt of a system where a civilization exists that is quite probably at a lower stage of technical development than I ours (if the reverse is true , it is likely that the contact was already made via telecommunications , or else that the most advanced civilizations made the voyage before us): for ethical reasons, but also in the interest of a serious scientific study, it could not afford to intervene openly, at the risk of inducing a fatal culture shock. The study should I I

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I therefore be discrete, using high-speed and silent craft to move through the planet's atmosphere (MHD propulsion offers interesting prospects in this respect) , and non lethal weapo ns to avoid the consequences of an untimely encounter (the paralyzing effect of I pulsed microwaves is under study in severa l countries) . When the civilization visited has reach ed the stage of space voyages, it will become Inecessary to make it aware of the existence of visitors . One way to do this, without causing trauma, would be to commit "calculated indiscretions " that would accustom the population , little by little, to the idea that there could indeed be extraplanetary visits. I Appendix 5 - The Roswell Affair - Disinformation I) Roswell: indisputable facts I Note: the parenthetical annotation (video) indicates that video testimonies are available • Summer 1947 - The Roswell (New Mexico) base houses the only nuclear-armed I bombers in the world. The bombers still have propellers . June 24 - Sighting of nine UFOs by American Kenneth Arnold. The news is broadcast throughout the world . I, July 8 (morning), Roswell - The base provides the local radio stations with information that would circle the globe: a flying disk had crashed on a ranch and the military personnel from the base reco vered the debris (video) . I July 8 (afternoon) , Fort Worth (Texas) - General Ramey, Commander of the 8th Air Force, who commands the base, announces to journalists that after examination of the debris, [it was determined that] they were from a weather balloon. He shows them some I ofthe debris, which the journalists photograph . The affair was buried for over thirty year. 1978 - Lieutenant Colone l Marcel (ER), an intelligence officer on the base in 194 7 who Irecovered the debris, declares on television that the debris was definitely of extraterrestrial origin (video) . The debris that General Ramey had shown the journalists was not the debris that Marcel had brought him from Roswell. IAmerican ufologists conduct numerous investigations and collect affidavits (swo rn and notarized written statements) and filmed testimonies. Many witnesses state that in July 1947, military personnel had threatened them with death if they talked (video) . Accord ing Ito some testimonies, at some distance from the field of debris, the Army had found the frame of a sort of space glider and cada vers of small humanoids (video) . 199 1 -General du Bose [sic] (CR), who was General Ramey's chief of staff in 1947, Iconfirms by affidavit that the latter had substituted the debris from a weathe r balloon , which he had shown the journalists , for the debris sent by the Roswell base. Beginning of 1994 - U .S. Representative Schiff (New Mexico) asks the Department of IDefense (DoD) for explanations regarding the affair. Not obtaining any, he reque sts that the General Accounting Office (GAO) conduct an inquiry into the manner in which the Air Force, primarily, had handled the document s relating to the Roswell crash. ISeptemb er 1994 - The Office of the Secretary of the Air Force publishes a report on Roswell: the debris found on the ranch cannot be from an aircraft or a missile. They are probably debris from a series of balloons from the secret Mogul project. To protect the Isecret, Genera l Ramey leads everyone to believe it is a weather balloon, the materials of which ( esse ntially the shell and radar reflector) are the same. The report s hortens the affidavits of certain witnesses so that the strange debris that they describe appears to be Idebris from a Mogul balloon. It does not mention the frame and attributes the ''bona.fide testimonies" regarding humanoids to "foggy memory~" I I

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I I July 1995 - The GAO report mentions the new Air Force version, and states: - page 1, "The debate on what actually happened at Roswell continues." I - page 2, "All of the base's administrative documents for the March 1945-Dec ember J949 period were destroyed, and all radio messages sent by the base fro m October 1946 to February 1949 were destroyed. The destruction report does not mention when, by I whom, and 0 11 whose orders this destruction was carried out. " The GAO inquiry provided him with practically no documents of interest concerning the Roswell incident, despite his requests to numerous organizations (CI~ FBI, DoD, I DoE, NSC, etc.). Summer and fall of 1995 - A film of the autopsy of an alleged "humanoi d cadaver _ in 1947 is aired by about thirty television stations around the world. Its authenticity is I questionable, but, above all, nothing in the film proves that the cadaver has even the slightest connection with the Roswell incident. The hodgepodge is, however, made up in large part from written and televised press, thus making the Roswell affair look ridiculous. I The conclusions of the GAO and the videos of the principal witnesses presented by TFl [a French television channel] go unnoticed, lost in the middle of the film of the autopsy . 1996 - The film Independence Day and the [television] series X-Files make significant references to Roswell. I 2) Opinions on Rosw ell I - Very consistent interviews, affidavits, and video testimonies describe the discovery of material that no one knows how to make in our time: a thin sheet that looks like metal with very great resistance and that is so elastic that after it has been crumpled up into a I ball, it spontaneously return s to its initial shape without the least sign of a residual fold. - It does seem that the crash occurred on July 4, Indep endence Day, at around 2330 hour s. The date and time symbolize American power, whence the following I question [arises]: if the cras h was in fact that of an extraterre strial vessel, was it truly an accident or a was it a deliberate crash constituting a message and/or the authenticator? 3) Roswell and disinformation I The disappearances of files and the Air Force 's clumsy attempts at explaining [the I incident] show that U.S . military personnel are hiding something important that occurred at Roswell in July 1947, just as they concealed their experiments on the effects of plutonium .on human beings The hypothesis of an extraterrestrial vessel that is supported by quality testimonies cannot be dismissed. To prot ect the secret, the two main types of disinformation, reducing and amp lifying, I were used in the Roswell affair. One should note, however , that the dissemination of information and contradictory analyses - by ufologists, for example - may be a spill-over effect of this reducing disinformation is apparent in the Air Force report: testimonies on I the debris have been cut down so as to give credence to the Mogul balloon hypothesis . It is also found, more subtly, in Roswell in Perspective, a book by '\Jfologist" Karl Pfloc~ a former CIA and DoD employee: affidavits mentioning the tear-proof and crease-resistant I material are given in full in an app endix, but they are ignored or cited only in shortened form in the text . In France, sociologist Pierre Lagrange appears to be a victim of this simplified I disinformat ion. After having endeavored to put the Air Force report and the publications of Karl Pflock into perspective, he concluded : ''fl will] close with a bit ofpsychology. Why do many people not believe in the I I

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I Roswell saucer like they believe in Mogul balloons or the V2s? Because it reminds them too much ofpopular science fiction . As Bertrand Meheust emphasizes, the topic of the Martian craft that had the exquisite courtesy to crash in the vicinity ofa military base I comes under the heading of the technological imagination ofthe beginning ofthe ce111ury, just like the detail regarding the ultralight and 11/traresistant materials that were used in its construction. "(the journal Ovnipreserice, February 1995). I This is, on the whole, the simplistic theory concerning UFOs stated by French "socio psychologists." It can be refuted as follows: at the beginning of the century, popular science fiction described light rays capable of killing or healing. Nonetheless, I military or medical lasers exist today . Amplifying disinformation was manifested when the film on the autopsy of the "Roswe ll creature" was aired. In expanding the Roswell affair with this spectac ular, but I . ., questionable , autopsy, some have succeeded in discrediting it and, especially, in covering up the publi~ation of the GAO report and the dissemination of video testimonies . It is tempting to believe in a well-orchestrated manipulation. I 4) Reducing disinformation on UFOs The Air Force has practiced this from the onset, as has been revealed by the astronomer Hynek, who was an Air Force consultant from 1948 to 1966 and who described how he aided in trivializing numerous cases by giving them unjustified astronomical interpretations. The disinformation policy was intensified as a result of the recommendations of a 'I "scientific" committee assembled by the CIA in December 1952, the Robertson Committee, which suggested "stripping the UFO phenomenon ofits aura ofmystery. " IThe same committee recomm ended "monitoring" the ufological movements , which were infiltrated1 by the CIA mainly. Several key figures have tried to nullify numerous important cases . Philip Klass, then Ieditor ofAviation Week qnd Space Technology , took on, among others , three major aeronautical cases: Lakenheath in 1956, RB-47 in 1957, Tehran in 1976, which are described in Chapter 2. He is hardly convincing. In the Tehran case, for example, he Icorrectly cites the testimonies at the beginning of his account , but doesn't take certain aspects into account when he discusse s them. Reducing disinformation is effective on those who do not want to accept the possibility Iof the extraterrestrial hypothe sis. Amplifying disinformation is aimed at others . 5) Amplifying disinformation on UFOs IThis policy was probably implemented very early on~ Adamslci's alleged contacts with a Venusian in 1952 no doubt fall into this category. It has become considerably extensive since the resurgence of the Roswell affair at the Iend of the 70s. The point of depanure is the Bennewicz case. This ufologist physicist recorded pulsed microwaves from a testing groun d at J(jrtland (New Mexico) Air Force base. He attributed them to UFOs exerting contro l over "abductees " (lcidnapped humans) Ifurnished with implants! Fearing, it seems, the publication of his recordings, the Air Force Office of Special Investigation (AFOS I) and, namely, its special agent Doty from the aforementioned air base, as well as, perhaps , other agencies , induced him to make fantastic I"revelations": there were numerous kidnappings, with the placement of implants to control the "abductees ." Furthermore , technol ogy transfers were supposedly carried out on bases in New Mexico and Nevada jointly owned by the U.S. Army and extraterrestrials baptized IEBE s, Extraterrestria l Biological Entities . Bennewicz disclosed this information to American saucerists, many of them thus being I I

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I increasingly cut off from the common opinion . John Lear, son of the aircraft builder, contributed on his part details that he had obtai ned from friends in the Air Force: the I Nevada base is Groom Lake base, in "area 51 '' (Groom Lake does in fact exist; it is so secret that the Air Force does not recognize its existence; nevertheless, it is mentioned in the June 1996 issue ofJane's Defence Weekly). Later, a former Navy petty officer from I the 2nd Marine Division, Bill Cooper, "revealed" that the Council for Foreign Relations I (CFR) , which, according to him, governs the world through the Bilderberg [Group] and the Trilateral [Commission], supposedly does so in close union with the EBEs ... Amplifying disinformation has probably permitted the protection of research on microwave weapons at Kirtland and on new types of aircraft at Groom Lake . It has I certa inJy allowed the weapon of ridicule to be used against certain gullible ufologists. Appendix 6 - The Long History of the UFO Phenomenon - Elements of a I Chronology The UFO phenomenon truly experienced worldwide dissemination as of pilot Kenneth Arnold's sighting on June 24, 1947, in the area of Mount Rainier in the northwe st United I States. In reality, air phenomena that are still unexplained today are much older . Before going further, it is interest ing to note that between May and July of this same year, 850 different sightings were recorded across the United States and that in January I an RAF Mosquito night fighter tried in vain to intercept a very rapid object detected by radars over the Nort h Sea. I In 1946, phantom rockets overfly Sweden From February to December 1946, many witnesses sighted generally fusiform object s ( occasionally resembling spheres o r disks) flying most often horizontally in Swedish skies, I in some cases leaving a luminous trail, but also capable of very suddenJy ascending or descending . CaJled "ghost rockets ," these apparitions ( close to a thousand were detected) I considerably worried Scandinavian , British, and U.S. military authorities, who conducted I investigat ions. Although no debris was ever found (officially), it was long thought that it could have been a case of Soviet tests conducted with craft recovered in German factories. This hypothe sis has since been completely ruled out. I During World War Il, the "foo fighters" From 1940 to 1945, numerous aviators sighted either swarms of red or green luminous balls several dozen centimeters in diameter or groups of small metal-looking disks that I followed the aircraft or flew around them, giving the impression of intelligent behavior. Most often not detected by the radars of the time, they did not seem "mate rial" in nature . In fact, some observers saw them touch the wings or the tail assemblies of the aircraft I without causing any visible damag e to them. I First called "Kra ut fireballs," then "foo fighters" (probably in reference to a comic stri p), they were reported in all theaters of ope ration as of the start of the war. They bega n to appear in number during the first major day bombings over Germa ny. They were I also observed from the ground and were the subject of numerous reports as of June 1944 . These sightings were the cause of much concern to the Allied autho rities, who believed them to be a secret German proce ss in the beginning. It became clearly apparen t at the end of the war that it was nothing of the sort . I I

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I It seems that , for their part, the Gennan pilots had been persuaded that it was a case of a secret U.S. weapon . A board of inquiry reportedly was even created in Berlin to study the matter. I The current exp lanation of electrical phenomena suc h as the Saint Elmo's fires is not convincing because it does not take into account the diverse charact eristics observed . The files relating to the "foo fighters" seem to have been subject to military secrec y at least I until 1949. Many other sightings concerning much larger, cigar-shaped, disk-shaped , or sphere shaped object s were recorded in both camps. I From 1880 to 1900, "airships" over the United States and Great Britain During these years, tens of thousand s of witnesse s sighted flying machines resembling I mod ern dirigibles, which were not produced by factorie s until twenty years later. In most cases , it was a matter of fairly voluminous, fusiform, vessels equipped with powerful searchlights, often emitting engine sounds, and, in some cases, even seeming to have I propellers . In the United State s, the majority of the sightings occurred between 1896 and 1897. Other cases were reporte d, parti cularly in Spain, Germany, Sweden, and Rus sia. A I second wave [of sightings] occurred at the turn of the century in Great Britain . . :: The explanation that comes irruT1ediately to mind is that of true dirigibles (and right away we think of craft of German origin). However , it has a hard time holding up to a I thorough examination . In actualit y, in 1880, the techno logy of these craft was still in its infancy. It is true that Colonel Giffard did conduct an initial test in 1852 with an elongated balloon equipped I with a very low-power steam engine . Then in 1885, Renard traveled several kilometers for the first time, overflying Paris with a dirigible equipped with an internal combust ion engine , but it was still extremel y slow and not very easy to fly. I In fact, the first truly efficient aircraft were subsequent to 19 1 O; however , even the zeppelins built during World War I far from possessed the characteristics observed by the witne sses to the se phenomena . I From Greco-Latin antiquity to the beginning of the in~ustrial age Human beings in all ages have sighted phenomena in the sky that they considered, I rightl y or wrongly , to be abnormal. It is true that our epoch naturally has a tendency to doubt the accuracy of ancient testimonies , and especially so the further back into the past wego. I During the first three quarters of the 19th centu ry, chronicler s related severa l dozen sightings of spheres and luminous wheels resembling present-day UFOs . The 18th centu ry Iwas marked by one strange case. Goethe recounts , in fact, that in his youth, in I 768, during a trip between Frankfort and Leipzig, he and two other witnesses saw a type of large luminous tube positioned on the ground , surround ed by a multitud e o f small, very bright , moving flames. I In the 16th and 17th centu ries, auth ors mentioned numerous sightings, not only in Europe but also in America and Japan . Amo ng these, a few hold our attent ion due to t heir Ispectacular appearance and the multitude of wit nesses . In the skies of Nuremberg, in April 1561, a large number of brightly colored spheres , disks , and "ciga rs" seemed to wage a sort of batt le that left a profound mark on the popu lation and caused the Iauthorities great concern. A spectacl e of the same kind took place in Augus t 1 566 in Basel. I I

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I I From the year one thousand to the year 1500, chroniclers mentioned various sightings ofluminous spheres, wheels, lances, or bars moving more-or-less rapidly in the sky. The monastery at Detchani, built in Yugoslavia between 1327 and 1335, is decorated with I frescoes that represent angels enclosed in sorts of vessels flying in the sky. (Even further back in time), during the reign of Charlemagne, it is reported that Agobard, Bishop of Lyons, succeeded in saving from the stake three men and one woman I who had descended from an airship, claiming to be returning to earth after having been kidnapped by celestial beings who allegedly showed them wonders. Elsewhere, luminous celestial phenomena similar to modern UFOs seem to have been I relatively frequent in China and Japan, particularly in the Middle Ages. Several other Latins, Dion Cassius, Pliny the Elder, Titus Livy, Julius Obsequens, and I even Cicero relate the appearance oflights in the sky, glowing shields, multiple moons and suns, [and] golden flying spheres . As for the _testimonies reported by the Greek chroniclers, these are fewer in number. • I Daimachos recounts that a globe of fire crossed the sky several times during the 78th Olympiad. Anaxagoras asserts that he saw celestial lights the size of a large beam. Appearances ofbeams and shields of fire are described several times, by Homer among others. I Appendix 7 - Reflections on Various Psychological, Sociological, and Political Aspects of the UFO Phenomenon I Note: these reflections apply primarily to the United States; many ofthem, however, can be transposed to other countries A large number of Americans are convinced of the physical reality of UFOs, of their I extraterrestrial origin, and of the fact that the U.S. government is systematically covering I up the truth with lies and disinformation . Most of the recent American works that have been published on the subject end with this conclusion, and almost all of them close with a demand for a partial or full lifting of I the alleged secrecy . The media frenzy surrounding the Roswell affair (cf Appendix 5), which experienced a resurgence at the end ofthe 70s after a more than thirty-year blackout, and which has not ceased to go from new development to new development for I 15 years, is a typical illustration of this line of thought. By admitting that the extraterrestrial hypothesis is the good one, the secret, say some, would be kept out of fear of panic reactions, which, they assure, would not fail to occur, as demonstrated by the I unfortunate experience of the radio program "The War ofthe Worlds" broadcast by Orson Welles in the United States in 1938 (only nine years prior to Roswell) . This explanation should not necessarily be rejected ; however, it doe s seem a bit narrow . In I fact, the roots of the matter probably go deeper, and the sociopsychological motivations seem to be more complex. 7.1 The UFO Paradox I While a majority of Americans seem to support the idea of the existence of intelligent I extraterrestrial [beings], a very strong resistance remains in scientific circles, among leaders, and in most of the media to the idea that these entities, whatever they may be, have been able to or continue to visit our planet and travel our solar system. The idea is ridiculed by much of the media. At the same time, in this spirit, most I I

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I politicians and the vast majority of members of the intelligentsia state that humanity has better things to do than to chase such rainbows . I 7.2 Why this Resista nce? 7.2.l On the Part of Scient ists (from Scie ntists) I Given an official attitude of contempt , and in view of the fear of being likened to the activists from "saucerist" sects and the "lunatic fringe," the vast majority of scientists, I even though they may be interested, quite obviously hesitate to tackle such a heretical problem and naturally do not wish to call their reputation , career, and the funding of their research into question (cf. Appendix 2, "Astronomers' Sightings"). This being the case, Ithere appear, upon analysis, to be other, deeper reasons. A general school of thought has existed for close to two centuries that tends to dismiss the idea that terr estrial phenomena could be influenced from the outside . I At the start, this was a positive, rational , and creative reaction to ancient beliefs. Compared with ancient times, modem science has, in fact, advanced by eliminating the gods . It would seem counterproduct ive and incongruo us to bring them back in other forms. The idea prevails in almost all minds that man is master of the earth and, by extension, of the immediate cosmic vicinity, that _he is the best nature can produce in this small comer of the galaxy, and that he a lone remains the controller of his destiny. Various American philosophers have termed this concept "anthropocentric humanism. " To admit that intelligent [beings], which are not only outside [our planet] but are also superior due to their scientific and techno logical knowledge, could have interfered or might continue to interfere in our affairs, in our domain, or in proximity to it, is considered by many to be frightening and unacceptable , becau se admitting it would cause the collapse I of the framework of comfortable thoughts of anthropocentric humanism. Moreover , in some disciplines such as physics, the risk run is to find oneself confronted with a science that is more advanced by several centuries, milleniums, or even more. I Our own concepts could literally appear infantile, which would completely demobilize the researchers who employ them. It is clear that under the hypothesis that the existence of UFOs of extraterrestrial origin I is proven , there is a risk that not only the position of the intellectual authorities but, quite simply, the social position of the scientific elite would be considerab ly compromised . This is, furthermore , what happened each time that groups or nations found themselves in I contact with a more developed human civilization, with the notable exception of Japan in the Meiji period, which it would be advisable to look into. One can understand that advancing knowledge of the UFO phenomenon , at the risk of I succeeding, would not necessarily be a thrilling prospect for a number· of scientists, who thus might not really want to lend a hand in this effort. I 7.2.2 On the Part of Politicians 7.2.2.1 With a few rare exceptions (President Jimmy Carter, Senator Barry M. I Goldwater) , the majority of politicians have almost always displayed a very skeptica l and most often ironjc attitude regard ing the question . However, some have had a more positive attitud e. I· The best known allusions to the possible existence of extraterrestria ls and to the I I

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I I dangers that they might represent come from General MacArthur and President Ronald Reagan . While he had already touched on the problem in 1955, in a conversation with the mayor I of Naples, Achille Lauro, General MacArthur said in an address at West Point Military Academy in 1962: "You nowface a new world, a world ofchange. The throst into outer space ... marks a I beginning ofanother epoch in the long story ofmankind... We deal now, not with things ofthis world alone, but with the illimitable distances and as yet unfathomed mysteries of the universe ... ofultimate conflict between a united human race and the sinister force of I some other planetary galaxy. " [French translation of the quote from General MacArthur 's address] General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev , for his part, revealed during a private discussion at the 1985 summit conference that President Reagan had told him that if earth had to confront an invasion by extraterrestrials, the United State~ and the Soviet Union would join forces to repel that invasion. I In addition, at the end of a speech before the 42nd General Assembly of the United Nations on September 21, I 987, President Reagan affirmed : I "In our obsession with the antagonisms ofthe moment, we often forget how much unites all the members ofhumanity. Perhaps we need some outside, universal threat to make us recognize this common bond. I occasionally think how quickly our differences worldwide would vanish ifwe were facing an alien threat from outside this world. " [French translation of the quote from President Reagan ' s speech] I I 7.2.2.2 However, for political leaders, just as for scientists, to be officially interested in UFOs and extraterrestrials is firstly to risk ridicule before commentators and the media, who regularly use omission, destructive irony, and even lies. I 7.2.2.3 But other elements should be taken into consideration. Although a significant number ofU.S. citizens seem to accept the existence of UFOs of extraterrestrial origin, I some political leaders might hesitate to call for resources to research this subject, because they might fear they would then be accused of incurring expenses for one ofthe most hazardous of subjects. I 7.2.2.3.1 Under these circumstances , if we advance the hypothesis that political leaders at the highest level in the United States possess unambiguous information I attesting to that existence, their situation would be particularly uncomfortable . The armed forces have officially reiterated for fifty years that this phenomenon does not threaten the security of the country , which does not mean that the phenomenon does not exist. I However, there have been disturbing sightings such as visits above secret installations and missile bases, intense electromagnetic effects, military aircraft shadowed (as in the RB-47 case) or the object of mock interceptions . In reality, faced with the impossibility of I countering this type of threat , the authorities may have thus far been tempted to affirm that it does not exist. In the absence of a direct threat , and even though there never truly was any attack in I the past, the potential threat itself can appear overwhelming in the eyes of the authorities (and especially the military). "They" come from the stars , "their" craft watch us and seem to taunt us, ''they" have perhaps been on earth for thousand s ofyears, and we don ' t know ''their" intentions. "Their" science and "their " technology, thus "their" power , are incomparably superio r to I I

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1- ours . Without being complete ly disarmed, and even taking into account the enormous resources that we have on the earth and our obvious ability to learn quickly , we can only feel anxious in the face of "their " presen ce. Bringing this out into the open by calling for the manpower and funds to conduct the Inecessary research is hard to visualize officially for the onJy superpower in the world . 7.2.2.3.2 This is all the more true since, under the additional hypot hesis that the IU.S. armed forces actually already possess forma l proof of this threat , for example, in the form of extraterres trial ships that have crashed on the ground, intensive research on foreign technologies should have already commenced a long time ago under the cover of the highest level of secrecy . I As will be seen in 7.3.3, it would then be comp letely out of the question to divulge this type of information. • IIndeed , revealing a situation as novel as it is upsetting too quickly would perhaps be running the risk of social upheavals, accompanied by panic, a demobilization of energies, a multiplication of millenialist sects, and a massive move of people to take refuge in religious fundamentalisms. The loss of trust in the leaders in power could even lead rapidly to their ousting . Given such a problem, their normal reactions would obviously be to gain as much time as possible by continuing their denials, all the while continuing wor k in secre t and fervently hoping that their successors will take on the responsibility when the reality becomes manifest. 7.3 U.S. Leaders and the Politics of Secrecy I7.3.l The U.S. Army and UFOs . . . The U.S . Anny has been directly confronted with the phenomenon since World War II. It seems to have been the onJy army to have officially broached the problem with I considerable resources. 7.3.2 The Spill-Over Effect of the Study of UFOs I The U .S. Anny has, in actua l fact, designed aircraft that exhibit the characteristics described by the most reliable wit nesses . The spill-overs are potentially considerable in I the areas of propulsion , materials and structures, stealth technology, and weapons . 7.3.3 Finally, Why the Secrecy? I We are current ly not aware of the extent of the kno wledge that U.S. military personnel have glea ned from all of the studies that they have conducted on this subject either based I on sightings or, as has sometimes been written , based on materials that have alleged ly been recovered . Whatever the case , it is clear that the Pentagon has had, and probably still has, the I greatest interest in concea ling, as best as it can, all of this research , which may, over time, lead the U nited States to hold a position of great supremacy over terre strial adversaries , while giving it a considerable response capacity again st a possib le threat corning from I space . I I

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I I Within this context, it is impossible for them to divulge the sources of th.is research and the goals pursued , because that cou ld immediately point any possible rivals down the most beneficial avenues . Cove r-ups and disinformation (both active as well as passive) would I still remain, under this hypothesis , an absolute necessity . Thus it would appear natural that in the minds of U.S. military leaders, secrecy must be I maintained as long as possible . Only increasing pressure from public opinion , possibly supported by the results of independent researchers , by more or less calculated disclosures, or by a sudden rise in I UFO manifestations , might perhaps induce U .S. leaders and persons of authority to change their stance . It does not seem that we have arrived at that point yet. Glossary I AFB Air Force Base I EMAA (French] Air Force Chief of Staff AFOSI Air Force Office of Special Investigation I ENAC [French] Nationa l Civil Aviation School AIAA American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ESO Europ ean Southern Observatory I Airmiss Name of the investigation procedure covering the risks of air collisions ETCA [French) Cent ral Technical Armaments Institution ALAT [French) Anny Air Corps I FOIA Freedom of Information Act Blue Book Name of the U.S. Air Force study of UFOs FUFOR Fund for UFO Research I CCD Charge-coupled device cameras GAO General Accounting Office CCOA [French] Air Operations Center GEPA [French) Aerospace Phenomena Study Group CDC [French] Control and Detection Center I GEPAN [Fren ch] Unide ntified Aerospace Phenomena Study Group CEA [French] Atomic Energy Commission ffiEDN [Fren ch] Institute for Advanced National Defen se Studies I CEAT Toulouse Aeronautic Test Center INRA [French] National Institute for Agronomic Researc h CFR Council for Foreign Relations I JANAP Joint Anny Navy Air Force Publication CHEAR [French] Center for Advanced Armament Studies MEGASETI see SETI, whjch MEGASETI is an expansion of I CHEM (French] Center for Advanced Military Studies MHD Magnet oHydroD ynamics CIA Central Intelligence Agency I MOD [British] Ministry of Defence I CID [French] lnterarmy Defense College MUFON Mutual UFO Network CIRVJS Communicat ions Instructions for Reporting Vital Intelligence Sightings NASA National Aeronautic and Space Administration I I

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CNES [French] Nat ional Center for Space Studies NORAD North American Air Defense CNRS [French) Natio nal Center for Scientific Research (National Space Agency) NSC National Security Council CODA [French) Air Defense Operations Center ONERA [French] National Aerospace Study and Research Office CONDON Physicist at the University of Colorado who signed the UFO rep ort orde red by the U.S. Air Force IRAF [British] Royal Air Force CRNA [French] Regional Air Navigation Center SEPRA [French] Atmospheric Reentry Phenomena Assessment Department I CUFOS Center for UFO Research [sic] SET Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence DGA [French] Genera l Delegation for Annaments • I SIRPA [French] Anned Forces Information and Public Relations Department DGAC [French] Civil Aviation Directorat e SPOC [French] Sky Observation Probe System I ..·DIA Defense Intelligence Agency STRIDA [French] Air Defense Information Processing Center DICOD (French] Defense Communicat ions Directorate I UAP Unidentified Aerospace Phen omenon DoD Department of Defen se UAP D Category D Unidentified Aerospace Phenomenon I DoE Department ofEnergy UFO Unidentified Flying Object EBE Extraterrestria l Biological Entity I VLT Very Large Telescope UFO , Unidentified Flying Object ... I Since 194 7, the subject has disturbed , fascinated , called out. Oh how debated, the question has been studied with extreme meticulousness and from I many points of view (scientific , technical, aeronau tical, strategic, political, religious , media) by a Frenc h committee composed of former auditors of the very seriou s-minded Institut des Haute s Etudes de Defense Nationale [French Institute for Advanced Nationa l I Defense Studies] and qualified experts from every background , COMET A [Committee for In-D epth Studies]. I For the first time, men, some of whom occupy very high positions, have agreed to write a report devoted entirely to the UFO problem in the belief that based on the knowledge that has been acquired to date , sufficient questions of national interest are raised for the I Chief of State and the Prime Minister to be provided with this information . In this report, COMET A studies severa l unexp lained French and foreign UFO cases . I Very well documented , these sightings are often supported by traces on the ground or track s confirmed by radar . Are these secret terrestrial craft? In some cases, perhaps. Are I we in the presence of craft of nonterrestrial origin ? This hypothesis cannot be ruled out . If it were to prove correct , it would be loaded with conseque nces for Defense . I I

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I : Bibliographie I Parmi les nombmu livrcs c1 art ides sur noire sujct, de V2lcur no1oi rcmcnt incgalc, now avons juge paniculiercmcnt in1ercssam de ci1cr les suivants : CHA.PITRE 2 I Le cu ra.dar/visuel de Lakc.nhcath (GB) • Edward U. Condon cl Daniel S. Gilmor (Rapport Condon)- Scimrifir StuayofUniJmrifiedFlying ObjutJ Bantam Books, New York, janvicr 1969. I • James E. Mac Donald (UFOs au-dcssus de Lakcnhca th en 1956) - Revue du Gtpa (Groupcmcm d'etudc de phenomcnes acricns), mars 1974. (Traduction d'un anidc de la Flying Saurer &view, ma.rs-avril 1970). I • Gordon D. Tbaylcr I ("UFO cncoun1cr II - Sample case selected by the UFO subcom• mince of the AIAA : The Lakcnhca1h Eng land radar/vi sua l UFO Case, August 13-14, 1956") -Aitroruzurirs and Aeronaurirs, scptembrc 1971. • Philip J. IOus I ("UFOs over England (Bcntwatc rs and Lakcnhc:11h)") - UFOs rxplaintd- Rand om Howe , New York, dcccmbrc 1974 ; Vintage Books, New York, scptcm brc 1976. •J. Allen Hynek Nt,uveau rapport sur ks ormis-Bclfond, J'ai lu, 1979- p. 154 sq. I (Traduction de Tht Hynelt UFO rrport - Dell Publish ing Co Inc., New York, 1979). I I.:avion RB-47 aux" Etau-Unis • Rapport Condon, op. cit. I • James E. Mac Donald ("UFO encounter I - Sample case selected by the UFO sub comminec of the AlAA : Air Force obscrv21ions of an Unidentified Object in the South-Central U.S.,July 17, 1957") -Astronauria and Am,nauria, juillct 1971. • Philip J. Kws I ("The funow RB-47 c::uc") - UFOs cq,lainrd - op. cit. I • Brad Sparks RJJ-47elmronir inulligmre rast ralibrrzudscientificproofofUFO~ - confidential copyrigh 1cd ma1crial, 1997. Tt!hcran • Philip J. IOa.ss I ("U FOs over Iran") - UFOs, The public tkuived - Promcthcous Books, New York, 19n. I • Lawrence Fawcett Cl Bury J. Greenwood Ckar Intent, tht gowrnmmt roverup oftht UFO txptrimu- Prentice Hall Inc., N.J., 1984 - p. 81 sq. Russic • "UFOs on Air Defence radars" - RAborhaya Tribuna, 19 avril 1990. I (Traduction anglaisc par le U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), cite par Don Berliner, Marie Galbraith C( Antonio HWlDCtll dans UniJmrifad Flying Objrrts Briefing D«ummt- publ ica1ion pri CHAPITRE3 Un cas de tcmoins multiples dans une base de missiles russe • Dossierovni du KGB publiecn 1991 -revu e AuraZ. n° I, Moscou, mars 1993. (Ci1c dans Unulmrified Flying Objtrts Briefing Docummt - op. cit. ; cl, de fa~n plus complete, dans O1111is m Rwne-op. cit. - p. 3 I 9 sq.). CHAPITRE6 Gcpan , notes d'information ct notes techniques : • Notes d'informaiion : N° 1, "Observations de phcnomcnes a1mospheriqucs anormaux en URSS - Analyses statistiqucs" N° 2, "Les crudes de phenomencs aerospa1iaux non identifies awe USA", 1• panic N° 3, "Les crudes de phcnomcncs acrospatiawe non ident ifies aux USK, 2• panic N° 4, "Les crudes de phcnomcnes aerospuiaux non identifies awe USA", 3• pani c • No1cs 1cchniques : N° 1, "Analyse du problcmc de pre-traitcmcm des donnecs" N° 2, "Erudc comparative des rcsultats suristiques c.lemcnuircs rclatifs aux obse rvations de phenomencs aerospatiaux non identifies" N° 3, "Mcthodologic d'un probl~mc : principc ct application s (methodologi c, isoctlic, information)" N° 4, "Rcchcrchc statisiiquc d'unc typ0logic des dcscriplions de phenomencs aerospatiaux non idcnlifics" · N° 5, comp1c rcndu de l'cnquctc du Gcpan 7_9/03 N° 6, cnquc1c Gcpan 79/07: "Apropos d'une disparition" N° 7, cnquc1c Gcpan 79/05 : "Apropos d'unc rcncontrc" N° 8, cnquctc Gcpan 79/06 N° 9, "La magne1ohydrodynamiquc, l'ctat de l'art ct la premiere experience probatoirc" N° 10, "Les phcnomcncs aerospatiaux non identifies c1 la psychologic de la pcrccp1ion" N° 1I, cnquctc Gcpan 81/02 N° 12, cnquctcs Gcpan 8I/07 ct 8 I/09 N° 13, "Rcchcrchc statiniquc d'unc typ0logic idcnlifiec, non idcmifiec" N° 14, mini-cnquetcs en 1981 ct 1982 N° 15, "Rcchcrchc de stereotype: dcssinc•moi un ovni" N° 16, "Analyse d'unc trace (cas de Trans-en-Provence)" N° 17, "L:Amaramc" N° 18, "Systemc d'acq uisition ct d'analysc : le point sur !'util i sation des rescaux de diffraction". •Jean-Oaudc Bou.rttt ct Jean•Jaaiues Vela.sco Ovnis, la scimu auance - Robert Laffont, 1993. • Dominique Weinstein Rencontrts Jans~ ciel - rappo rt pour le MUFON (Mutual UFO Network), 1996. • Rapport Condon - op. cit. I vec, deccmbrc 1995). Appendix R: "Lrrurftom gmmzl Twining to Ccmmanding Gmmzi • Com ptc rcndu plus dc1aillc de l'articlc de RAbochaya Tribuna Anny Air Forr:es", 23 scp1 1947. par Boris Chourinov dans Ounis m Rwsie - Guy Trcdanicl, 1995 p. 230 sq. I -87-

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CHAP ITRE 7 Propulsion MHD •Jean-Pierre Petit Lemur du silmu - Belin, 1983, • "Recherches pour un avion du futur" - Trchniq~s avandr1 (pla qucttc de !'Ecole nation.ale supcrieure des techniques avancecs), 1988. • Jeao-lliudc rubes Ct Guy Monnet I.A vie extratnrmrr- Larousse (coU. f..=ntiels), 1990 (epuisc). • J.-C. BoWTCt Cl J.-J. Vela.sco (His1orique des recherches sur la propulsion MHD des navires e1 des aeronefs) - Ovnis, la sdma avan«- op. cir. - p. 171 sq. • Mike Ross "Rider on the shock wave" - New Sdmtiu. 17 fcvrier 1996. Propulsion par ancigravite • Nick Cook "Turni ng science fiction into F.act" - Jane's Defm« ~ek(y, IO juin 1996. Propulsion dans l'espacc • Eugene Mallowe et Gregory Matloff Starjlighr Handbook-John Wiley & sons, 1989. • Robcn L Forward e1 Joel Davis Mirror Matter- John Wiley & sons, 1988. • W. B. Scon (Edwards Air Force Base) "USAF Predict s Amimancr Propell ants could be in use by early 2 I• century" - Aviation ~ek and Spa« Technology, 21 mars 1988. Pannes de voinuc • James Mc Campbell "Self starting engines" - MUFO N proceedings , 1983. (Anide resume dans Ovnis, la scim« avan«- op. cit - p. 181 sq.). Paralysie de temoins • Keith Aorig "The future banlefidd, a blast ofgigawans" - IEEspectrum, mars I988. • J.-C. Bowrct ct J.-J. Velasco Ovnis, la sdmce avancr - op. cit. - p. 185 sq. CHAPITRE 8 • Rapporr Condon - op. cit. • Lawrence Fawccn et Barry Greenwood Clearlnrmt - op. cit. • Don Bcrlioer, Marie Galbraith, Antonio Hunncus Unidmtified Flying Objects Briefing Docummr - publication privce, dc:ccmbrc 1995. • Col. Philip J. Cono (rct) Thr day after RoswrU- Pocket Books, 1997. • Headquarters United States Air Force The RonwUrrpon, casr cloud- 1997. • Nick Pope Opm Skirs, CloudMinds - Pocket Books, 1997. • Tunothy Good Abovt top U<rrt- Harper Collins, londres, 1993. (Public initialemcnt chei Sidgwick et Jackson Ltd, 1987). • V. Migoulinc "Les phfoomc nes acrospatiaux non identifies a!'crude en URSS" - I.A Rrchm:hr, juillet 1979. I CHAPITRE 13 I (I) I.A Bible, livre d'Ez.echiel, 14-14 et 15-28. (2) Abed Azric, L'lpoplrde GilgamtJh-Ed. Ber lnccrnational (Paris), 1979 - p. 143 : • I"{...) Lonq~ /rs grands dinJX cri(T(71t /rs hommr1, cat la mon qu i"/s lrur destinmnr rt ils ont gardl pour tuX la vie itrrnrlk (.. .) "(Commentaircs in Jeao Boncro, Babylanr rt la Bible- Ed. Les BcUes Lerues (Paris), 1994). I(3) I.A Bible, livre de la Gcncse, VI 1-4: "Lonqur ks hommrs n,rrnr commend ast multiplirr sur la fau dr la tn-rr, et que drs fil/rs lrurfarmt nlrs (.. .), ks fils de Din, virmt qur ks fi/ks drs hommrs ltaimr bellrs, rt ils m prirmt pour femmes parmi I toum er/ks qu 'ils choisirrnr. (. ..)Alan l'Eumrl dit: • Mon Esprit nr restrra pas toujoun dans l'hommr, car l'hommr n~sr que chair, rt us Joun srront dr cent 11ingt an.s. » (...) Les giants lraimt sur /a trrre m m trmp1-la. II m fat dr mhnr aprh qur k s fils dr Dirufarmt 11mus I avrc ks filks drs hommes rt qu'rlks kur rurmr dannl drs rnfanu ; « sont w hlros qui farrnt fomrux dans l'antiquirl. • (Cf. cgalement : livre de la Gcncse, XIV 5, Nombres, .XIII 32-33 , Dcutcronomc, II I 0-11). (4) I.A Bibk: Ecritr intmrstammtaim-Gallimard, la Plciadc (Paris), 1987: Livrc des secrets d'Hcnoch : I VI 1-2 : "// arriva que larsque ks humains stfarrnr mu/rip/its, ii lrur naquit drsfi/ks fraichrs rt Jolin Lrs angrs, fils du cirl /rs rrgarderrnr et ks disirnrnt. /ls sr dirrnt l'un al'autrr : • Allom nous choisir drsfemmes parmi lr1 I humaim rt mgmdrom-now drs mfontr. (...). • VI 6 : "/ls ltaimt m rout drux cmtr. (.. .) • Vll 1-2: "(...) ils lrur msri,;nnrnt ks drogues, ks charma, la botaniq~ Iet ifs lrur montrnrnr ks hrrbes. Lrsfemmes con(1Jrrnt rt mgmdrnrnt drs glantr (. ..)" VIII 1-3 : "Azail apprit aux hommrs afobriqurr da tptes, drs armrs, drs boudim, des cuirassts, chosrs ensti,;nla par /rs angrs. JI kur montra Irr mltauxet la manim dr Irr travai/kr. aimi qur Irr bracrlm, Irrparum, l'anrimoine, Irford drs paupims, toutrs soms dr pierrrs pricieum tt ks ttintum. fl m rlsulta unegrandr impilrl. Lrs hommes sr dibauchnrnt, s'lgarn-rnt etItpmiirrnt dans U>uW /rs voies.• X IO: "(... ) /run pms n'obrimdronr rim dr a qu'ils ont dnnandl pour rux-mmm rt pour rux, a/an qu'ils espmzimr pour twe-mhnrs unr vie lrrrnr/k rr pour chacun de /run fils dnq cmtr annlrs dr vie.• (Cf.. cgalcment le livre des Jubilcs: V 1-5: mcme rccit). (5) G. Pauthicr , Les Ulm!I sacris dr l'Orimt (p.c. Le Chou -King ou le Livrc Sacre, Part. III, Ch. X-2) - Ed. Au Bureau du Pantheon Lincraire (Paris), 1852. (6) Arnold Toynbee, I.A civilisation al'lprruw, GaUimard (Paris) 1951 -p. 89. (7) cf. les lmm ortcls, Dicux, fils cc fillcs des Dicux, H cros, litan s ct Gcants chez H csiode, Homere, Virgile, Pline, H crodote, Plutar que, etc., cgalement lcs representations divines ct colossalcs de Memnon, de Karnak, d'Hc:rmonchis, d'Abo u-Simbd ct le Sphinx de Ghiuh, lcs colosscs de l'ilc de Paques, !cs geants de Barnyan en Afghanistan , ccux de Ninive et de Khorsabad ; !cs H rimchursars des Eddas scan dinaves, le gcam Skrymcr combanu par Thor, etc. (8) Pc1cr Lawrence, Leculudu cargo- Fayard (Paris), 1974 . (Le pre mier dcbarqucmcn t de marchandises d'un avion-cargo frappa force mcnt !'esprit des Papous, au point qu'ils instaurcrent le "cultc du cargo", dispensateur de richcsses, bicn qu'ils se soicnt, par la suite, accoutumcs aux produits occidcnraux ct aux vols des avions). (9) Arnold Toynbee - op. cit - p. 88 : AI-Gabraii. -88-

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(10) G. Paudiier-op. dL •Manzva..Dtwma-Sasm ou Lois de Manou, a>mprawit 1cs institutions rdigieuscs ct civiles des lndicn.s", p. 331 ct L : ·u"'"" M MDJtN l'llpprod,/(... ) ,k ma,kMina d ,kMiMS, qptmiml.a ch.aindes~tJNnmr""Xo dillins ~ nulld1fl la idla des lndims. 6111 SWttSriwmmtpuwrni k ""111/U.• (11) •Mais qui a d&ouvcrt l'Antu'Ctiquc ?" - Lil &chnrht, n° 161, d6:anbrc 1984. (c£ awsi Ow-les Hapgood- usalrta des llncims rois des mn1 - Ed. du Rocher (Monaro), 1981 - p. 85 ct s. (12) Lil Bibk : Etrits intmatmnmlllim - op. dt. I Lim: des sccrca d'Hmoch : X 2: •Or,Jqn-/Mim Mon nom tk N airhn-<t1111,u,na-/Mi qur'4fin atproche: A1Ule "1 tmr s.-i pmr. 1111 diUltt i.-i IITrivtr111r A1Ule "1 tmr d dttnurt Int tt1/"t/kJHl1'U·" 1- X 7 : ·u tmT qur In llntt' ont St1UiJJ« - IWIUflll. Annoncr'4:u/ rison tk I. tmT : Dn f;llffll'II III plizk, <t1'1111 la lnnnttins nL pmrontpllS i UM# ,k l#UI k "'}1tbr mn1rtrirrqur la Vtillnln onl msnflll 4 /.run fils... . ., XII 6 : •(...) iJ.,plnnrront '4~tk /.runfi/s, iJ.s 111pplimm1ltnne/J.t mmt. ,,,...;, iJn} IIM1rl/'D"' nDC nipitil nip,ux. • I Lim: desJubila: I V 6-11 : •Lt, p,mintnr des ""tr' <t dest/llllts (. . .)" Vll 20-25 : •(... ) it,1'11fW In Vtillnln sttATtbml tk l'ordDnn11na l[Ui In rlfi.slllit/'D"'j"r,mi,[wrn« lafilla des hom,,,n, N prizmtdnfmrmn I"',.,,,;llnllO «Ua lfU'ils 111JtUn11 choisia, p~k dllna tk l'im• ptnrtl. ~tdesfils, la Nrphilim '!"ilt4imt 1'1111 differrnts rt~ d!wn,imt /a llnJ fn ltUlm (...r I- (13) Graham Gftate- Un Amiriain bim ll'llnquilk- Ed. Robert l.aJfont (Paris) 1956. ANNm2 I • BndSuigcr I •un rappon du projct Grudge : c.ntrctiens du Pr Hynek avec: des amonomcs" - Ormi.s: k projrtBIIIL Boolt- Bclfund, 1979. p. 178 sq. • AlleaJ. Hynek N""""" "'I'/>""1"T In ovni.s-op. di. p. 27 sq. • Peter A. Scum,ck I •Rq,on on a Sw-Yeyofchc Membershiporthe Amcrian Asaonornial Society Concaning the UFO problem" -Rlzpport n•681 - Institute for Plasma R.cscarch, Sandford Universiiy, c.A. janvier 1977. I • J..C. Riba ct G. MollDd I. Lt, w ~-op. dt. ANNExE4 I • O'Neill us,,;Jin1k lt1JN1«-Laffont. 1978. • Ancln!Lc:beaa L'tsptz« m hmuf.r-Odilc Jacob, 1986. I • Paine et al. (National Commision on Space) l'um«ri"f the SJM« Frontirr- Bantam Books, 1986. I • J..C. Riba ct G. Moanet Lt, vk txl1'tlln'J'tSI - op. dt. • Thicny Guadifl et aL 2/00, rml iUI p'°"'4in sik/.r-Payot, 1990. I • Jeu-Oaade Boarm ct.Jan •Jacqua V&.co Ormi.s, 14 Kim« ,n,m,a - op. dt. I ANNExES Roswd.l • William Moore Tht RDswrU inddmr - G.P. Putman & sons, USA, 1980. (En Inn~ : u mynmtk RDswrU-France Empire. 1981). • Kmn D. Randle 1) UFO muh 111 Ros-II - Avon Books, USA. 1991 (en a>U. avcc Donald R. Sdunin). 2) 77,r Tl'Mlh 11bDU1 d,r UFO mzsh111 &swrll- Evans. USA. 1994. 3) &murU UFO mz.sh "pdak- Global Comm., USA. 1995. •Ka.nP8ock Rmwrllinpmp«tivr- Fund for UFO Rcscarch Inc, Washington DC. 1994. (Peu objcaif, mais intacssant par Jes affidavits en annexe). • Ridwd L Wea,,u, Col. de l'USAF Rrpon on Air Forcr Rm11rch rtlll~int tht •Roswt/J lncitknt• - juillct 1994. • United Sates General Accounting Office. •Rcpon to the Honorable SteYl:ll H. Schiff. HouseofRqmscntariYcs. Govcmmcnt Records : • Results ofaSearch for R.ccords Conc:cming the 1947 Cnsh Near R.oswdl, New Mexico._-- juillct 1995. • Owne de t~bision anglaisc Channd Four Eruegisucmcna vidro de t~oignages sur lecrash de R.oswdl, la plu pan provcnant du Fund for UFO Rcscarch rR.oswdl Rccollcaions, pan n·. 1992) Dcsinformation mluctti~ • Kan P8ock RMwtUin Pmprrtivr- op. dt. • R.appon Condon Appendix U : R.cpon of meetings ofScientific Advisory Pand on Unidentified Aying Objec:a {Robenson Panel) - 14-18january 1953 - op. di. - p. -905 sq. • AlleaJ. Hynek us objtts 1J01"nts non idmtifiis- Bdfund, 197 4. (Traduit de 71,r UFO &ptrimct, 11 Kitntifot'N{JU1'J-1972) . Dcsinformation ampli6antc • Milton William Coopu The Secret GoYCtnmcnt ;The Origin. ldentiiy,andPurpose ofM.J.12 - Fullc:rton, CA• The Author, 23 mai 1989, 25 p. •Jaome Ouk C-UFO in the 80'si - Tht UFO mgr/4prdi;,- Omnigraphics Inc., Detroit, 1990. ANNExE6 • Don Berliner; Marie Gtlbraitb, Aatoo.io Haoecm Unidmtifad Flyint Objtcts briefinl ,/«,,mn,1 - Tht Mt 1111t1il..bk t11idnu-r-CUFOS, FUFOR. MUFON, 1995. • Michd Bongard ct alter Dn so1«011prs vo'4ntn IIMX ovnis - Editions SOBEPS, 1976.

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I IUFO, Unidentified Flying Object. .. I Since 194 7, the subject has disturbed, fascinated, called out. I Oh how debated, the question has been s~died with extreme meticulousness and from many points ofview (scientific, technical, aeronautical, strategic, political, I religious, media) by a French committee composed of former auditors of the very serious-minded Institut des Hautes Etudes de Defense Nationale [French Institute I for Advanced National Defense Studies] and qualified experts from every background, CO:META [Committee for In-Depth Studies]. I For the first time, men, some of whom occupy very high positions, have agreed to I write a report devoted entirely to the UFO problem in the belief that based on the knowledge that has been acquired to date, sufficient questions of national interest I are raised for the Chief of State and the Prime Minister to be provided with this information. I In this report, COMET A studies several unexplained French and foreign UFO I ~ases. I Very well documented, these sightings are often supported by traces on the ~ound or tracks confirmed by radar. Are these secret terrestrial craft? In some I ;ases, perhaps . Are we in the presen ce of craft ofnonterrestrial origin? This 1ypothesis cannot be ruled out . If it were to prove correct, it would be loaded with I ~onsequences for Defense. I I I I I

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S ATU RDAY 17 J UNE 2000 ------------- - ------ -~1=tilid•1@iii=lit¥__,..___________________ UFO 's once the preserve of the purely paranoid are now being taken seriously . Astronauts , Generals and a number of influential scientists are hammering away at the crust of international scepticism. LESLIE KEAN explains why a study by the French military may finally make governments sit up and take notice. T HE release i n April of 1he first detailed satellite images of Area 51 . the 1op-secre1 Air Force test site in Nevada, prompted a web site meltdown as people from around the world searched for clues about unidenti fied fly ing objects. "The interest has been really phenomenal,•· said David Mou ntain, marketing dire ctor for Aerial Images. Inc w hich posted the high resoluti on aerial photos of A rea 51 on the Internet. But those hoping 10 s ee signs o f something extraordinary were destined to be disappoi nted. Most of Area 51 s o peration s occur underground, making photo s extra-terrestri al origin" and that, in fact, the and Defense: What Should We Prepare For?," unexpl ained objects have been r eported since meaningless. A nyone looking for the fresh best explanati on i s " the extra terrestrial published in France by the magazine VSD. 1944. T he rest " seem t o be completely information on UFOs would have beller luck h ypothesis." Although n ot categorically unknown fl ying machines with exceptional tr ying a new, but less publicize d source: by the proven, "strong presumptions exist i n its favor THE MECHAN ICS O F A performances that a rc guided b y a natural or French milit ary. just translated into English. and if it is correct, it is loaded with significant MYSTERY artifi cial intelli gence," they say. Science has High level offic ials -- including ret ired consequences.•· developed plausible models for travel from generals fro m the French I nstitute of Higher The French group reached that conclusion "The number of sighti ngs, whi ch arc another solar system and for technology whi ch Studies for National Defense, a government after examining nearly 500 detailed completely unexplained despi te the abundance could be used to propel the vehicles, the report funded strategic planning agency -- recentl y international aeronauti cal sightin gs and and quality of data from them, is growin g says. took a giant step in openly c hallengin g radar/ visual cases, and previously u ndisclosed throughout the world," the team declared. _The It assures readers that UFOs have skepticism about UFOs. In a report based on a pilots' reports. They drew on data from officia l authors note that about 5 percent of sJghtings demonstrat ed n o hostil e acts, " alth ough three year study, they concluded t hat, sources, government authorities, and t he Air on which there is solid documentation cannot intimidati on m aneuvers have been " numero us mani festations observed b y Forces of di fferent countries. T he findings are be easily allributed to earthl y sources, such as confirm ed.'" reliable wi tnesses could be the work of craft of contained in a 90-1>age report titled. " UFOs secret mili tary exercises - especiall y s ince Gi ven the w idespread scepticism about £.J Irish Independent SATU R D AY 17 J UN E 2 000 12

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NEW FRONTIERS UFOs. many will quickly dismiss the generals' ET hypothesis. But i t is less easy 10 do so once the authors' credentials are considered. The study·s origi nators are four-star General Bernard Norla in. former commander of the French Tactical Air Force and military counselor 10 the prime minister: General Denis Leuy. an air force fighter pilot: and Andre Lebeau. forme r head of the National Center for Space Studies (the French equival ent of NASA in the United States.) They formed a 12-member "Commi11ee for In-depth Studies," abbreviated as COM ETA, which authored the report. Three-star Admiral Marc Merlo . national chief of polic e Denis Blancher and Jean-Jacques Velasco. head of a government agency studyin g U FOs, as well as scientists and weapons engineers. were also contribut ors. Not only does the group stand by its findings. it is urging international acti on. The writer s recommend that France establish "sectorial cooperation agreements with interested European and foreign countrie s" on the mailer of UFOs. They suggest t hat the European Union undertake diplomatic actio n wi th the United States "exe rt ing useful pressure to clarify this crucial issue which must fall within the scope of

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SATURDAY 17 JUN E 2 000 - -------------------.J ~•:i\tlid•>l••i=id=-1-------------------- pol ittcal and strategic alliances ... Why might other nations be incli ned to take this ~ubject seriously? For one t hing, declassified US government doc uments show that unexpla ined objec:ts wi th extraordinary tec hnical capab ilities pose challenges to milita ry activity aro und the globe. For example, US fighter jets have been scra mb led to pursue UFOs. acco rdin g 10 North American Aero space Defe nse Command logs and US A ir Force doc ume nts. Ira nian and Peruvia n A ir Force pl anes atte mpted to shoot d o wn unexplai ned objects d uring a ir e ncou nte rs in 1976 and 1980. and Be lgia n F- 16's equipped wi th auto matically guided missiles pursued UFO's in 1990. Further, the Fre nch report says that there have been "visits abo ve sec ret installations and missi le bases• · and " military aircraft shadowed" in the US . Dr. Edgar Mitchell , the Apollo 14 as tro naut who was the sixth man to walk o n the moon . is o ne of ma ny supporter s o f internatio nal coope rati on on UFOs. Of the French report, he s ays, "It' s sig nificaot that individuals of some s tanding in the gove rnm ent, milita ry a nd intell igence communir y in Fran ce came forth with this." Mitc hell , who hold s a docto r of science degree from the prestig ious Massac huse tts Institute of Tec hno logy, is convi nced "at a confide nce level above 90pc , that there is reality to all of this." He adds, "People have been diggi ng t hrough the files and investiga ting for years now. The files are quite convincing. The o nly thing that' s lackin g is the offic ial stamp." He join s five-star Admiral Lord Hill-Norto n, the former head of the B riti sh Ministry of Defense, in calli ng for US congress ional fac t-fi nding hearings into the U FO questio n. Heari ngs would include testimon y by gove rnment witnesses from the Air Force, Army, Navy , NA SA , private ind ustry and intelligence ope rati ons with personal, first- han d knowledge of UFO pheno mena a nd rela ted projects. THE ASTRONAUT AMO THE INVESTIGATION Despite the fact that Mitche ll is a national hero and bas bee n h onoured with the Presidentia l Medal of Freedo m, the USN Distinguished Service Medal and the NASA Distingu ished Service Medal, his request for an investigat io n h as been ignore d b y U.S. offi cial s. Nonetheles s, the public's interest in UFOs is undi mini shed . A ballot initiative underway in the US state of Misso uri, a nd certifi ed by the sec retary of s tate i n M arch, u rges Congress to convene hearings. T he initiat ive states that "the Federal Govern ment's handling of the U FO issue has contributed to the public cynic ism toward , and general mistrust of, gove rnm ent.· • US Naval Reserve Comma nder Willard H. Mi ller has been communicati ng t his s ame concern to high level officia ls for a numb er of years. With o ver 30 years in Navy and Joint lnteragency o peratio ns w ith the US D efense Department , Miller has participa ted in a series of previo usly undi sclosed briefings fo r Pentagon brass about militar y policy rega rd ing UFOs. Like man y. he says he worries that the military 's lack of preparation for enco unters with unexp lained c raft could provoke a dangero us confrontation when, a nd if, such an e ncount er occ urs: " prec ipit ous milita ry decisio ns... he warn s. "may lead to unnecessa ry confus ion, misapplicati on of forces . or p oss ible catastrophic consequen ces. And he says he is not alone in his c oncern s. "The re are those i n h igh p laces in the gove rnm ent who s hare a growin g interest in this subje ct," Miller report s. Mill er r etired in 1994 from active duty on the C urrent Oper ations Staff (13) of U.S . Atlantic Command, Norfolk , Virginia where he worked operations, intelli gence , and spe cial contin gency issues . In a February, 2000 confidenti al m emo p repar ed for this reporter , he spell ed out the detai ls of meetings with named officials - including the Director o f the Defe nse Intelli gence Agency, an Admiral on the Joint Staff. and the U.S . Atlantic Command' s Dire ctor for Intellig e nce - b etween 1989 and 2000. Miller concur s with the COMETA 's o bservation that there is no evid e nce of hostilit y from UFOs ' 'The only threat to the nati onal sec urity o f the United State s is the continued denial of undeniabl e physical UFO occurr ences and sightings to a publi c g rowin g increas ingly frustrated with its g overnment' s weak ex planations," Miller says. Air Force Regulation 2 00-2, "Unide nti fied Fly ing O bjects Reportin g, ·• prohibit s the re lease to t he p ublic and the media any data abo ut "those objects which arc not explain able" while a llowing d isclosure only of the UFO s that have bee n identified as " fam iliar o bjec ts." An even mo re restric ti ve procedure is outl ined in the Joint Army N avy Air Force Pub licat ion 146, which prov ides co mmuni cations instructions for r cponin g s ighti ngs re leva nt to US sec urit y. Anyone "If we persist in refusing to recogn ize the existence of the UFOs, we will end up, one fine day, by 1nistaking them for the guided missiles of_an enemy - and the worst will be under its jurisdiction disclo sing reports without authorization is subject to prosec ution under the Espi onage Act. Even the President of the United State s recently had trouble accessing information on the subject. In 1995, philanthropi st Lauren ce Rockefell er provid ed UFO briefing material s to President Clinton , Hillary C linton, and Presidential science advi sor Jack Gibbon s while they spent a w eekend at Rockcfcllcr s ' Wyoming ranc h. Clinton then instructed Associate Att orney Gen eral at the Justice Departm ent, Webster Hubbell. to investigate the exi stence of UFOs. as disclosed by Hubbell in his book, Friends i11 High Places. Despite this request from the Command er in Chief, Hubbell was unable to o btain informati on on BREAKI NG SILENCE: US Naval Reserve Comma11der Willard H. Milfer worries that the military 's lack of preparatio11 for e11co1111ters with 1111expfai11ed craft co11/d provoke co11fro11talio11. Leslie Ge11era/ Norlai11 f orci11g the establishme11t to think agai11 about those fights i11 the sky. Picl11res courtesy of Bernard Tho11a11el VSD photo archives. the s ubject. T HE D ECADES OF D I STR U S T ...................... ............... . In earlier decades, issues that remain pertinent today were openly discussed. In 1960. for example, US Representative Leonard G. Wolf of Iowa entered an "urgent warning" from R.E. Hillenkoeller, a fonncr CIA Director and Navy vice admiral, into the Congressional Record that 'ccnain dangers are linked with unidentified 0ying objccis." Wolf cited Gen. LM. Chassin, NATO coordinator of Allied Air Service, warning that "If we persist in refusing to recognize the existence of the UFOs, we will end up, one fine day, by mistaking them for tl1e guided missiles of an enemy - and the worst will be upon us." TI1ese concerns were taken seriously enough to be incoll)Or.ited into the I971 • "Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Outbreak of Nuclear War" between the US and the Soviet Union. The treaty states tl1at the two countries will "notify each other immediately in the event of detection by missile warning systems of unidentified objects...if such occurrences could create a risk of outbreak of nuclear war between tlie two countries." The French report may open the door for nations to ~ more forthcoming once again. Chile, for example, is openly addressing it's own concerns about air safety and UFOs. TI1e now retired Chief of the Chilean Air Force has formed a commiuec witl1 civil aviation experts to study recent near collisions between UFOs and civilian airliners. As tlie international conversation about UFOs unfolds, sightings continue, as they have for decades. Perhaps the most notable recent US sighting took place in March 1997. Hundreds of people ·across tl1e state of Arizona reported seeing huge triangular objeclS, hovering silently in the night sky - a sighting that, as the state's Senator John McCain noted recently, has "never been fully explained." As recently as Jan. 5, 2000, four policemen at different locations in St. Claire County. Illinois. witnessed a huge, brightly lighted, triangular craft flying and hovering at I000 feet. One officer reported witnessing extreme rapid motion by the craft that cannot be explained in conventional terms. Nearby Scott Air Force base and the FAA pull)Ort to know nothing. The French Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense and the National Center for Space Studies remain several steps ahead of the United States military and _NASA. Perhaps the report by the bold French generals -- with its goal of "stripping the phenomenon of UFOs o f its irrational layer" -- will be a catalyst for authorities around the world to publicly examine the issue of UFOs in a new li ght. ■ 14

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Pilot encounters with UFOs Study challenges secrecy (and denial) LESLIE KEAN SAN FHANCISCO B ACK IN JANUARY, Agence France Presse reported thnt a Siberian airport was shut for I¼ hours while a luminescent unidenti fied flying object hovered above its runway. Although it's hard to imagine such an event taking place in the in dustrialized United States, a compel ling October 2000 study by a retired aerospace scientist from NASA-Ames Research Center shows that similar in cidents have occurred in America 1 skies over the last 50 years. "Aviation Safety in America - A Previously Ne glected Factor" presents more than I 00 pilot and crew reports of encoun ters with unidentified aerial phenome na (UAP) that appear to have compro mised aviation safety. Author Richard F. Haines, formerly NASA's chief of the Spnce Human Factors Office and a Raytheon con tract scientist, is chief scientist for the National Aviation Reporting Center on Anomalous Phenomena (NAR· CAP), a research organization found ed last year. In stunning detail, pilots and crew describe a range of geomet ric forms and lights inconsistent with known aircraft or naturaJ phenomena. Bizarre objects paced aircraft at rela tively near distances, sometimes dis abling cockpit instruments, intern1pt ing ground communications, or dis tracting the crew. The data include 56 near-misses. Impulsive responses by pilots to an ap proaching high-speed object can be hazardous; in a f ew cases, such vio lent evasive reactions injured passen gers and flight attendants. However, Haines states that there is no threat of a collision caused directly by UAP "because of the re-ported high degree of maneuverability shown by the UAP." While flying over Lake Michi gan in 1981, TWA Capt. Phil Schultz saw a "large, round, silver metal ob ject" with dark portholes equally spaced around the circumference that "descended into the atmosphere from above," according to his hand-written report. Schultz and his first officer braced themselves for a mid-air colli sion; the object suddenly made a high speed tum and departed. Veteran Japan Airlines 747 Capt. Kenju Terauchi reported a spectacular prolonged encounter over Alaska in 1986. "Most unexpectedly, two space ships stopped in front of our face, shooting off lights," he said. "The inside cockpit shined brightly and I felt wann in the face." Despite the Federal Aviation Admini stration's determina tion that he and his crew were stable, competent and professional, he was grounded for speaking out. In 1997, a Swissair Boeing 747 over Long Island just missed a glowing, white, cylindrical object speeding to ward the plane. According to an f'M Civil Aviation Security Office memo randum, pilot Philip Bobet said that "if the object was any lower, it may have hit the right wing." Ground-systems operators have also been affected by UAP. "The ele ment of sulJ}rise means a decrease in safety because it diverts the attention of air-traffic controllers that should be focused on landing planes. That is o danger," says Jim McClenahen, a recently retired FMair-traffic-control specialist and NARCAP technical adviser. "Aviation Safety in America" does not attempt to explain the origin of these mysterious objects. But Haines writes that hundreds of reports, some dating back to the 1940s, "suggest that they IUAPsj are associated with a very high degree of intelligence, deliberate flight control, and advanced energy management." In the 1950s, pilots and crews reported seeing flying discs, cigar-shared craft with portholes, and gyrating lights, all with extraord inary technical capabili ties. Documents show the unexplained objects were considered a national ~e curity concern. By order of th~ Joint Chiefs ofStaff, commercial pilot., were required to report sightings and the un• authorized release of a Uf'O report could cost them 10 years in prison or a $1 0,000 fine. To keep this information from the public, officials ridiculed and de• bunked legitimate sightings, angering some pilots. According to the Newark Stnr Ledger in 1958, more than fl() commercial pilots who hnd reported sightings, each with nt least 15 years of major airlin e experience, blasted the censorship policy and deninls as "bor dering on the absolutely ridi culous." 1l1ese pilots said they were intenu gated by the Air f'orce, sometimes all night long, and then "treated like in• competents and told to keep quiet," ac cording to one pilot. "11,e Air force tells you that the thing that paced your plane for 15 minutes was a mirage or a bolt of lightening," he told the Stor-Led~er. "Nuts to that. Who needsit?" /\s a result, many pilots "forget" to repor1 their sight• ings at all, one pilot said. According to a 1952 Air f'orce Sta tus Report on UFOs for the Air Techni cal Intelli gence Center, pilots were so humiliated that one told investigators, "If a space ship flew wing-tip to wing tip formation with me, I would not report it." The vast majority of sight ings by American pilots are still not reported. The media perpetuate the censorship and ridi cule, handicapping the collection of valuable data. In contrast, other countries arc openly investigating the impact of UAP on aviation safety. A Im.m f'rench study by retired generals from the r-rench Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense and a government agency with the National Center for Space Studies examined hundreds of well-documented pilot reports from nround the world. The study could not explain a I 9!l4 Air f'rance viewing of a UAP that instantaneously disappeared as confirmed by radar and a 1!195 Aerolineas Argentinas Boeing 727 encounter with a luminous object that extinguished airport lights as the plane attempted to land. "Aeronautic personnel must be sensitized and prepared to deal with the situati on," the repor1 stntes. They must first "accept the possibility of the presence of extraterrestrial craft in our sky." Then, "it is necessary to over• come the rear of ridicule." In 19!l7, the Chilean government formed the Committee for the Study of Anomalous Aerial Phenomena (CE FM) following publicly acknowl edged observations of unidentified fly. ing objects at a remote Chilean air port. Both the f'rench group and Gen. Ricardo Bermudez Sanhuesn, presi• dent of the CEFM, have made over tures to the U.S. government for coop• eration on this issue, with no response. General Bermudez, and Air force Gen. Denis Letty, chairman of the French group. said in recent inter views that the Haines study has inter national significance and should be taken seriously. 13rian E. Smith. current head of the Aviation Safety Program ot NASA· ,/\mes, agrees. "There is objective evi dence in pilot repor1s of unexplained events that may affect the safety of the aircraft, " he says. "Yet getting people to tal<e an objective look ut this subject is s ometimes lil<e pulling teeth." Indeed, the Airline Pilots Association, our largest pilots union, and the Flight Safety Foundation, describing itself as "offering an objective view of aviation safety developments," ignored NAR CAP requests for a response to the study. In phone interviews with this reporter, representatives dismissed the report out of hand.after glancing at the executive summary. However, such dismissals may soon lose ground. Next Wednesday, John Callahan, former division chief of the Accidents and Investigations Branch of the f'M, will disclose f'M docu mentation and subsequent CIA sup• pression of the Terauchi encounter over Alaska. Callahan will be joined by more than 20 other government and military witnesses, and dozens more on videotape, at a National Press Club briefing to challenge official secrecy about this subject. Retired United Airlines Capt. Neil Daniels, whose DC-10 was forced into a left turn because of magnetic in terierence of cockpit compasses by a brilliant UAP, is among the many who want change. "The energies out there are absolutely profound," he says. "l think we need to know what they are." Leslie Kean is a journalist and au thor in the San Francisco Bay area. '[hr :l)ruuidrnrrJ}1111rmtl TllllllSl>AY. MAY:I. Wll

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L THEDOST<>NSUNDAYGLOBE • MAY21,2000 E3 SCIENCE &SOCIETY UFO theorists gain support abroad, but repression at home Studyby French officials, routine unexplained sightings, US military safety aspects combine to boost believers BY L~:SLIF. KEAN ast month's release of the first detailed satellite images of Area 51, the top-secret US Air Force test site in Nevada, prompted a Web site meltdown as people from across the nation logged on in search of clues about unidentified flying objects. "The interest has been really phenom enal," said David Mountain, marketing di rector for Aerial Images Inc., which post,. ed the high-resolution photographs of Area 61 on the Internet. But those hopingto see signs that cap turecl UFOsare st.oredatthesite (assome aficionados have suggested) were des tined to be disappointed. Mostof Area 61's operations occur underground, making photos meaningless. Anyone looking for fresh information on UFOs would have better luck trying a new, but less publicized, source: a study by the French military, just translated into an approved Engl.ish edition. High-level officials - including retired generals from the French Institute of Higher Studies for National Defense, a government-financed strategic planning agency - recently took a giant step in openly challenging skepticism about UFOs. In a report based on a three-year study, they concluded that "numerous manifestations observed by reliable wit,. nesses could be the workof craft of extra terrestrial origin" and that, in fact, the best explanation is "the extraterrestrial hypothesis." Although not categorically proven, "slrong presumptions exist in its favor and if it is correct, it is loaded with significant consequences." The French group reached that eon clusion after eJtamining nearly 600 inter national aeronautical sightings and radar/ visual cases, and previously undisclosed pUots'reports. Theydrew on data from of ficial sources, government authorities, and the air forces of other countries. The findings are contained in a 90-page report titled "UFOs and Defense: What Should We Prepare For?" "The number of sightings, which are completely unexplained despite the abun• dance and quality of data from them, is growing throughout the world," the team declared. The authors note that about 6 percent of sightings on which there is solid docu mentation cannot be easily attributed to earthly sources, such as secret military exercises.This 6 percent seem"to be com pletely unknown flying machines with ex ceptional performances that are guided by a natural or artificial intelligence," they say. Science hasdeveloped plausible mod els for travel from another solar system ancl for technology that could be used to propel the vehicles, the report points out. It assures readers that UFOs have demonstrated no hostile acts, "although intimidation maneuvers have been con firmed." Given the widespread skepticism about UFOs, many will quickly dismiss the generals' "extraterrestrial hypoth esis." But it is less easy t.o do so once the ·authors' credentials are considered. The study's originators are four-star General Bernard Norlain, former commander of the French Tactical Air Force and mili tary counselor t.o the prime minister; Gen eral Denis Letty, an air force fighter pilot; and Andre Lebeau, former head of the National Center for Space Studies, the French equivalent of NASA They formed a 12-member "Commit,. tee for In-depth Studies," abbreviated as COMET.A, which authored the report. Other contribut.ors included a three-star admiral, the national chief of police; and the head of a government agency studying the subject, as well as scientists and weap i11g this same concern to high level f<'dC'ral the French report chastises the United ons engineers. officials. WiU1 over 30 yeai"!I in Navy and Stales for what it calls an "imprei;.qivc re Not only does the group stand by its joint interagency operationR with the De pressive arsenal"on the subject., including findings, it is urging international action. fense Department., Miller ha.<i partkipat,. 11 policy of disinformation nnd military The writers recommend that France es ed in a 11eries of previously undisclosed regulations prohibiting public disclosure tablish "sectorial cooperation agreements briefings for Pentagon brass about mili of UFO sightings. with interested European and foreign tary policy regarding UFOs. Air Force Regulation 200-2, "Uniden countries" on the matter of UFOs. They Like many, Miller says hewonies U1at tified Flying Objects Reporting," for ex- suggest that the European Union undertake diplomatic I f 1~~1:7"'"' , .,:I f ', "i , ,action with the United \ , • "'r States "exerting useful pressure to clarify this cru . ·.··'·"/- cial issue which must fall within the scope of political '.'}: • .' and stJ'ategic alliances." I 1r• • Why might the United States be interested-albeit, '/ . .privately- in a subject often met with ridicule, or consid t.,;"f.ii. !'¥.tered the domain of the irra ~. tional? ' For one thing, declassi fied US government docu ments show that unex plained objects with ex ' i. traordinary technical capa bilities pose challenges to military activity around the ~·) globe. For example, US fighter jets have attempted "' '·~ to pursue UFOs, according .:i~ r,to North American Aero space Defense Command logs and Air Force docu ii ments. Iranian and Peruvi an air force planes attempt,. ed to shoot down unidenti fied craft in 1976 and 1980. Belgium F-168 armed with •missiles pursued a UFO in 1990. Further, the French re port says that there have been "visits above secret in COSTA tl1CAN PIIOIO !AOOVO: UPI PMOIO. 1enow urn: AP PIIOIO (BOTTOM RIGHT) s tall ati on s and missile Images of purported UFOs, taken by, above, a Costa Ric.an mapping aircraft In 1971 and reproduced on bases " and "military air the cover of a report by the French mllltarr, below left, a ZanesYIRe, Ohio, barf>er In 1966; below right, a craftshadowed" in the Unit,. edStates. high school student In Beaver, Pa.; bottom right, teenage brothen In Detroit In 1967. Edgar Mitchell, the Apollo 14 astronautwho was the sixth man to walk on the moon, is one of many sup porters of international c~ operation on UFOs. Of the French report, he imys, "It's significant that individuals ofsome standing in the gov ernment, military, and intel ligence community in France came forth with this." Mitchell, who holds a doctorate from MITin aero nautics and astronautics, is r ".' convinced "at a confidence level above 90 percent, that ' • I • there is reality to all ofthis." He says, "People have been lttJ digging through the files and investigating for years now. The files are quite con vincing. The only thing that's lacldng is the official I ; et.amp." I . I IMitchell joins five-star Admiral Lord Hill-Norton, the former head of the British Ministry of the military's lack of preparation for en ample, prohibits the release to the public Defense, in calling for congressional fact,. counters with unexplained craft could and the mediaof any data about "those ob finding hearings into the UFO question. provoke dangerous confrontation when, ject.'! which are not explainable." An even Although Congress seems disinclined and if, such an encounter occurs; "precipi more reiitrictive procedure is outlined in to pursue the matter, the public's interest tous military decisions," he warm,, "may the Joint Army Navy Air Force Publica in UFOs is undiminished. A ballot initia lead to unnecessary confm,ion, misappli~ tion 146, which threatens to prosecute tive underwayin Missouri, certified by the cation of forces, or possible cata.<tlrophic anyone under its jurisdiction - including secretary of state in March, urges Con consequences." pilol.<t, civilian agencies, merchant marine gress to convene hearings. The initiative And he says he is not alone in his con captains, and even some fishing vessels - states that "the Federal Government's cerns. "There are U1ose in high places in for disclo~ing reports of sightings rel handling of the UFO issue haa contribut the government who share a growing in evant to US secmity. ed t.o the public cynicism t.ownrd, ancl gen terest in thiR fmbject," Miller rcporl.<i. Although re11earchers have been able eral mistrust of, government." to obtain some info11nation through the US Naval Reserve Commander Wil If the US military is concerned about Freedom of Information Act, many UFO lard H. Miller has long been commun.icat,. UFOs, it is not saying so publicly. Indeed, documents remain classified. In earlier decades, issues that remain pertinent today were openly discussed. In 1960, for example, US Representative Leonard G. Wolf of Iowa entered an "ur gent warning" from R. E. Hillenkoetter, a former CIA director and Navyvice admi ral, into the Congressional Record that "certain dangers are linked with unidenti fied flying objects." Wolf cited General L. M. Chassin, NATO coordinat.or of Al lied Air Service, warning that "Ifwe per sist in refusing to recognize the existence of the UFOs, we will end up, one tine day, by mistaking them for the guided missiles of an enemy - and the worst will be upon us." These concerns were taken seriously enough to be incorporated int.o the 1971 US-Soviet "Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Outbreak of NuclearWar." The French report may open the door for nations to be more forthcoming once again. Chile, for example, is ope.nly ad dressing its own concerns aboutair safety and UFOs. The now retired chief of the Chilean Air Force has fonned a commit tee with civil aviation specialists to study recent near-collisions of UFOs and civil ian airliners. As the international conversation about UFOs unfolds, sightings continue, as they have for decades. Perhaps the most notable recent US sighting took place in March 1997. Hundreds of people across Arizona reported seeing huge bi angular objects, hovering silently in the night sky - a sighting that, as the state's US Senator John McCain noted recently, has "never been fully explained." AB recently as Jan. 6, four policemen nt different locations in St. Claire County, Illinois, witnessed a huge, brightly light ed, triangular craft flying and hovering at 1,000 feet. One officer reported witness ingextJ'eme rapid motion by the craft that cannot be explained in conventional terms. Nearby Scott Air Force base and the Federal Aviation Administration pur port to know nothing. The Defense Department maintains it can find no information acknowledging the existence of the triangular objects. In response to a suit by curious Arizonans, it provided details of its search to US Dis trict Court Judge Stephen M. McNamee of Phoenix. On March 30, McNamee con cluded that "a reasonable search was con ducted" even though no information was obtained, and he dismissed the case. There is one government agencyin U1e country that has taken steps to prepare for a UFO encounter. The Fire Officer's Guide to Disaster Control, second edition - used by the Federal Emergency Man agement Agency and taught at the seven universities offering degrees in fire sci ence - warns of "UFO hazards," such as electrical fields that cause blackouts, force fields, and physiological effects. "Do not stand under a UFO that is hovering at low altitudes," the book warns. "Donottouchor attempt to toucha UFO that has landed." The text leaves little room for skepti cism. John E. Mack, professor ofpsychia try at Harvard Uruversity and a Pulitzer Prize-winning author, stopped being skeptical a long ti.me ago. "No culture from the beginning of time, no culture from anywhere on the planet, has ever voided the ideaofallother intelligent life other than ourselves," he told a UFO conference at the New York Hall ofScience two weeks ago. ''That's ar rogance." Leslie Kron is afreelance journalistin Ui.e San Frmu:iaco Bay area.

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National Aviation Reporting Center for Anomalous Phenom ena (NARCAP) The National Aviation R eporting Center for Anoma lous Phenomena (NARCAP) is a national organization, established in November of 2000, and is dedicated to the advancement of aviation safety issues as they apply to Unident ified Aerial Phenomena (UAP). NARCAP investigates aviation related reports of aerial encounters with lights or objects that seem inconsistent with known categories of aircraft and common natural phenomena. These lights or objects are repo1ted to appear in a variety of colors and shapes. Pilots, air traffic controllers and radar operators repo11 that these lights or objects closely approach aircraft. Encounters with these lights or objects, UAP, have a demonstrated a variety of safety related effects on pilots, crew, cockpit discipline and on-board instrumentation. NARCAP Chief Scientist Dr. Richard F. Haines has compiled a catalogue of over 3400 aviation related UAP cases. He has conducted a comprehens ive review of UAP reports by U.S. air traffic controllers and pilots from the past 50 years. A result of this effo11 is Richard's paper" Aviation Safety in America- A Previously Neglected Factor". It contains analyses of over one hw1dred reports of UAP involved in near misses, close pacing, disrupted avionics, and collisions. These events were repo1ted by US military aviators, civil aviation professionals , private pilots, and by foreign aircrews operating in US airspace. NARCAP has no basis for conjecture regarding the true nature or source of these lights and objects. It is the NARCAP position that certain w1identified aerial phenomena have an effect on aviation safety that can be quantified. It is the intention of this organization to develop a body of data that will stand up to scientific scrutiny and serve as a basis for understanding this phenomeno n. It is our hope that aviation professionals will recognize the impottance of this work and contact NARCAP with their repo11s of encounters with UAP. Often, though not always, repo11ers are concerned about their confidentia lity. We are not associated with the FAA or other government agencies, or the airlines. With regards to employers, the FAA, and the media, we have a process in place to ensure that confidentiality is protected. For more information contact: Ted Roe, Executive Director (83 l) 338-4783 Or email admin@na rcap.org Or go to Our Website www.narcap.org To repo11 UAP encounters call (800) 732-3666

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UFO Shuts Down Russian Airport MOSCOW , Jan 27, 2001 -- (Agence France Presse) An airport in southern Siberia was shut down for an hour and a half on Friday when an unidentified flying object (UFO) was detected hovering above its runway , the lnterfax newsagency reported. The crew of an 11-76 cargo aircraft refused to take off, claiming they saw a luminescent object hovering above the runway of the Siberia's Barnaul airport , local aviation company director Ivan Komarov was quoted as saying . The crew of another cargo plane, refusing to use the runway for the same reason, landed their jet at another airport, Komarov said. The UFO took off and vanished from the airport 90 minutes later, according to the report. ((c) 2001 Agence France Presse)

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LESLIE KEAN Radio Host/Producer 1998 - 2001 Associate/Senior Producer and co-host of daily, drive-time investigative news magazine "Flashpoints" on public radio KPF A in the San Francisco Bay Area. Feature stories, domestic the Boston Globe, the Baltimor e Sun, the Sacramento Bee, the Minneapolis Star Tribune, The Nation, the Progressive, the San Francisco Bay Guardian, The Providence Journal, The Commercial Appeal, Burma Debate , and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin . Feature stories, international the International Herald Tribune, the Globe and Mail (Canada), the Vancouver Sun, the Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), the Kyoto Journal (Japan), the Nation (Thailand), Internazionale (Italy), VSD (France) , the Irish Independent. Op-cd pieces the Boston Globe, the Philadelphia Inquirer, the Journal ofCommerce, the Bangkok Post, the St. Louis Post Dispatch, the Providence Journal Bulletin, the San Francisco Examiner and The Nation. Syndicat ion Knight-Ridder, Scripps-Howard, New York Times Wire Service, Pacific News Service and the National Publishers Association (NNPA). Book s/ Anthologies/Coll ections Perspectives: Drugs and Society (Comsew ise Publishing, Inc. 2000) Stone Soup for the World (Conari Press, 1998) Drugs, Society and Behavior 98/99 (Dushkin/McGraw -Hill, 1998) Burma 's Revolution ofthe Spirit: The Struggle/or Democratic Freedom and Dignity (Aperture , 1994), co-authored with Alan Clements Direct or, The Burma Project USA, 1991 - present Hwnan rights and media advocacy Rad io interviews The Michael Jackson Show (KRLA, Los Angeles); Hightower Radio (over 100 stations); Mike Malloy Show (WLS Chicago, the ABC station); Coast to Coast AM (audience of 10 to 20 million); Dreamland with Whitley Strieber (audience I million); Democracy Now with Amy Goodman (Pacifica national); The Gerry Ryan Show (Channe l 2, National radio Ireland) and many others. Honors The fund for Investigative Journalism: grants, 1996, 1997 and 1998 Project Censored Honorable Mention: 1998 The Nation Institute : grant, 1997 Cover stoiy selected by The Nation as their submission for the George Polk Award, 1996

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