The Fox Spirit and Spirit-Writing Culture in Nineteenth-Century China
- Date of account
- Nineteenth century
- Location
- China, especially Jiangnan and north China
- Source
- model_recalled_reference
- Record updated
- 2026-10-10
Record summary
Nineteenth-century Chinese spirit-writing groups used planchettes, sand trays or suspended objects to produce messages attributed to immortals, deities or fox spirits. Surviving manuals, temple records and anthologies provide a concrete comparison point for automatic writing, dissociation, authorship and group expectation. The practice is not a single incident but an identifiable historical complex with regional variation. Researchers should distinguish devotional fuji, literary production, charitable societies and later occult reinterpretations rather than treating every spirit-written text as evidence of one phenomenon.
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