Franek Kluski’s ectoplasm séances

Record summary

Franek Kluski, the séance name of Teofil Modrzejewski, was investigated in Warsaw by Polish psychical researchers who reported luminous phenomena, object movement, and alleged ectoplasmic forms. Experiments included attempts to identify impressions or casts associated with materialized hands, though the procedures and evidential status remain disputed. This lead is valuable for comparing physical mediumship, photographic evidence, witness testimony, and the transition from Spiritualist séance culture to laboratory rhetoric. Researchers must separate reports by investigators from later retellings and assess whether darkness, handling, and chemical controls were adequate.