The 1890s Philippine espiritismo movement

Record summary

Spiritism influenced educated and religious circles in the late nineteenth-century Philippines, producing séances, mediumistic practices, translations and debates about Catholicism, science and the afterlife. The movement offers a clear comparison with European Kardecian spiritism and with local healing or devotional traditions. It should be studied through named Spanish or Tagalog publications, organizations and participants rather than generalized claims about Filipino mediums. The historical existence of the movement is well established, but individual communications and trance episodes require independent source review.