The Rhine Zener-Card Experiments

Record summary

J. B. Rhine and colleagues used specially designed symbol cards to test claims of extrasensory perception under repeated guessing conditions at Duke University. The experiments are a foundational, identifiable lead for comparing laboratory psi claims with altered-state research and for examining optional stopping, sensory leakage, statistical assumptions and replication. Rhine reported positive results, but methodological criticisms and later replication difficulties shaped the field. Researchers should consult original protocols, scoring procedures and subsequent critiques rather than treating aggregate significance as proof of ESP.