The Egyptian Book of the Dead, Papyrus of Ani
- Date of account
- 1895 English facsimile and translation; New Kingdom manuscript
- Location
- Thebes; manuscript published from the British Museum
- Source
- model_recalled_reference
- Record updated
- 2026-10-10
Record summary
E. A. Wallis Budge’s The Book of the Dead: The Papyrus of Ani (1895) made a richly illustrated Egyptian funerary manuscript widely available to English readers. Its spells concern passage through gates, encounters with divine guardians, judgment, names, passwords, and transformation after death. It is therefore a strong comparison lead for boundary-crossing traditions, while remaining a mortuary text rather than an eyewitness account. The manuscript is one individual papyrus among many, and Budge’s translation and organization reflect nineteenth-century Egyptology rather than current textual-critical standards.
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