Tomokichi Fukurai’s thoughtography experiments

Record summary

Japanese psychologist Tomokichi Fukurai investigated alleged images impressed onto photographic plates by mental concentration, a practice later called nensha or thoughtography. Although the claims concern psychic images rather than ordinary ghosts, they belong to the same wider history of photographs presented as records of invisible agency or apparitions. Fukurai’s work generated controversy within Japanese psychology and international psychical research. Verification should identify the experiments, participants, plate procedures and contemporary criticism rather than treating later paranormal summaries as equivalent evidence.